具最大功率點追蹤、自啟動電路及贏者全拿高壓選擇器之應用於熱電獵能系統的適應性導通時間多輸出升壓轉換器

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研究生：	黃揚景 Yang-Jing Huang
論文名稱：	具最大功率點追蹤、自啟動電路及贏者全拿高壓選擇器之應用於熱電獵能系統的適應性導通時間多輸出升壓轉換器 An Adaptive On-time Multiple-output Boost Converter with Maximum Power Point Tracking, Self-start-up Circuit and Winner-take-all High Voltage Selector for Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting System
指導教授：	彭盛裕 Sheng-Yu Peng
口試委員:	林長華 Chang-Hua Lin 于昌平 Chang-Ping Yu
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	電資學院 - 電機工程系 Department of Electrical Engineering
論文出版年：	2017
畢業學年度：	106
語文別：	中文
論文頁數：	75
中文關鍵詞：	升壓轉換器、能量擷取、獵能、熱電、贏者全拿、最大功率點追蹤
外文關鍵詞：	Thermoelectric Energy, Winner-take-all
相關次數：	點閱：246 下載：5
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上一筆

本文提出一應用於熱電獵能系統的高效率升壓轉換器及冷啟動電路，應用了多輸出架構以增進系統的整體轉換效率，為了提供合適的截止電壓給予不同輸出路徑之功率電晶體，本文提出一個以贏者全拿電路為基礎的高壓選擇器；同時，為了最小化在功率級的損耗，功率電晶體的大小也透過平衡切換損耗以及導通損耗的方式進行設計。應用了懸浮閘電晶體的比較器以及電壓偵測器也避免掉了帶差參考電路的使用，用以節省功耗以及提供可編程輸出電壓之特性。懸浮閘電晶體亦被應用在啟動電路的電荷幫浦，用來減小電晶體的臨界電壓以達到更低的操作電壓，因此可以達成在低於臨界電壓的380 mV 進行冷啟動，新提出的啟動電路與主電路分享了電感的使用，因此不需要增加額外的元件。為了最大化獵能系統的轉換效率，主升壓電路應用了適應性導通時間之控制方式以控制峰值電流，並且利用開路電壓法達到最大功率追蹤的目的，為了減少追蹤等待的時間，應用了二進位搜尋演算法；另一方面，穩態時利用累加搜尋法用來提供在穩態時有較小的輸入漣波。此原型晶片採用0:35 微米的互補式金氧半製程來實現。量測結果顯示:冷起動電路可在380 mV 的輸入電壓將系統啟動且冷起動時間約為1:4 秒。並且模擬結果顯示在988 W 的時候，可以產生最大效率95:85%。

A power-efficient boost converter for a thermoelectric energy harvesting system (EHS) is proposed in this thesis. To improve overall system power efficiency, a multiple output architecture is adopted. To provide suitable cut-off voltage to power transistors in different conditions of output voltage levels, a novel high-voltage-selector based on a winner-take-all circuit is proposed. Besides, power transistor dimensions are optimized to balance the conduction and the switching losses for minimizing the loss of the power stage. Floatinggate technologies are employed in voltage comparators and voltage detectors to avoid the power consumption of a conventional bandgap reference circuit and to provide reconfigurability for output voltage levels. Floating-gate transistors are also employed in a novel cold-start-up circuit to reduce the threshold voltage of transistors in a charge pump circuit so that the start-up voltage can be as low as 380 mV. The cold-start-up circuit exploits the same inductor as the main boost converter without extra external component. To maximize the energy harvesting efficiency, the boost converter adopts an adaptive on-time and peak current control scheme and a fractional open-circuit voltage approach to achieve maximum power point tracking. To reduce the tracking time, a binary and incremental search algorithm is exploited with small input voltage ripples. A prototyped chip is designed and fabricated in a 0:35um CMOS process. The measurement results show that the cold-start-up circuit can start-up the system when input voltage equals to 380 mV and the start-up time is about 1:4 seconds. Furthermore, the simulation result shows the peak efficiency is 95:85% when the input power equals to 988 W.

Abstract in Chinese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Abstract in English . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv
List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xviii
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Design Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3 Thesis Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Background Knowledge of DC-DC Converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1 DC-DC Converter for Voltage Scaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.1 Linear Regulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2 Switching Capacitor DC-DC Converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3 Inductive Switching DC-DC Converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2 Fundamentals of DC-DC Boost Converters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1 The Principle of Inductor Volt-second Balance . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 The Principle of Capacitor Charge Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.3 The Principle of Small Ripple Approximation . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3 Introduction of Operation Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.1 Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.2 Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.3 Boundary Conduction Mode (BCM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4 The Mechanisms of Closed-loop Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.1 Pulse-width Modulation (PWM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.2 Pulse-frequency Modulation (PFM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5 Analysis of Power Loss and Conversion Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
6 Floating-gate Transistor and Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Proposed Adaptive On-time Multi-output Boost Converter . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1 Architecture and Operation of Energy Harvesting System . . . . . . . . . 22
2 Proposed Energy Harvesting System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.1 Cold-start-up Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.2 Main Boost Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3 Implementation of the Energy Harvesting System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.1 Peak Current Control circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.2 Maximum Power Point Tracking Control Block . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.3 Winner-take-all High Voltage Selector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.4 Power Loss Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.5 Floating-gate switched-capacitor Comparator . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.6 Floating-gate-soft-start Voltage Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.7 Zero-current-switching Comparator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Measurement Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
1 Comparison and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2 Future Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
                                

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