評估大型複循環發電廠提供區域供冷系統之熱效率研究

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研究生：	Daniel Zurhausen Daniel Zurhausen
論文名稱：	評估大型複循環發電廠提供區域供冷系統之熱效率研究 Development of the First District Cooling System Combined with a Large Combined Cycle Power Plant to Increase its Thermal Efficiency
指導教授：	林怡均 Yi-Jiun Peter LIN
口試委員:	黃振康 Ming-Jyh Chern 陳明志 Chen-Kang Huang
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	工程學院 - 機械工程系 Department of Mechanical Engineering
論文出版年：	2018
畢業學年度：	106
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	185
中文關鍵詞：	district cooling 、combined cooling and power 、thermal efficiency 、absorption chiller 、cold end corrosion 、combined cycle power plant 、Siemens 、cooling demand 、chiller technology 、pump sizing 、expansion tank sizing
外文關鍵詞：	district cooling, combined cooling and power, thermal efficiency, absorption chiller, cold end corrosion, combined cycle power plant, Siemens, cooling demand, chiller technology, pump sizing, expansion tank sizing
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幾乎全球所有地區的空調使用量都有顯著增長。受到收入增加和對於生活品質要求提高的影響。在發展中國家 - 但不限於它們 - 一些地區需要面臨冷卻電力消耗量顯著增長的問題。高效率能源的解決方案能夠降低對於自然環境的衝擊，而公用電力事業經營者認為區域供冷系統與目前市面的空調商品相比，可以減少40%的用電量。本論文的目標在於開發一種與高效率聯合循環發電廠相結合的熱驅動區域冷卻系統，以及評估該系統與同等規模的電力驅動冷卻裝置之個別經濟效益。本研究分別開發與比較使用蒸汽，熱水和燃氣驅動的吸收式冰水機組以及汽輪機和燃氣發動機冰水機組的方式。蒸汽吸收式冰水機組是最有競爭力的。然而，使用實際發電廠 (座落於韓國首爾)的資料藉由簡易熱力學的計算分析結果顯示，蒸汽吸收式冰水機組的年度性能表現比市面的電動冰水機組較差。進一步的熱力學數值模擬分析結果顯示，他們之間的年度性能差距甚至達到了 26%。因此，與複循環發電廠結合的熱驅動冷卻系統在經濟上並沒有顯著的優勢。
然而，在進行此一論文研究工作當中，開發了一種新的方法，它能夠提供有限量的冰水作為副產品。本論文亦討論此一新的方法，研究分析結果顯示此一新的方法能夠增加電廠的輸出功率約為 0.5 MW 以及提升約 0.08% 效率 (以印尼 624 MW 的電廠進行模擬)。

Almost all regions around the globe face a significant increase in usage of air-conditioning. Driven by rising incomes and related demand for higher quality of living in developing countries | but not limited to them | some regions need to handle a significant growth of electricity consumption for cooling purposes up to six times higher than it is to date. Energy efficient solutions are required to keep the environmental impact as small as possible. Utility operators identified district cooling as such, which - amongst other benefits - can reduce electricity consumption by 40% compared to commodities for air-conditioning. This thesis aims at the development of a heat driven district cooling system combined with a high efficiency combined cycle power plant, which can compete with electric cooling plants of equal size. Concepts with steam, hot water and gas driven absorption chiller as well as steam turbine and gas engine chillers were developed. Steam absorption chillers were identified as the most promising one. However, a manual thermodynamic analysis shows that their annual performance is expected to be 16% worse than that of electric chillers. A further numerical thermodynamic analysis reveals that the performance gap between them is even up to 26 %. Hence, the objective is missed and combined cooling and power with heat driven chillers is not feasible economically.
However, while working on this thesis, a novel process was identified, which provides a limited amount of chilled water as a by-product. The thesis shifts the focus on the basic engineering of this novel process. It is found that this novel process increases the power plant's power output by up to almost 0.5MW and its efficiency by 0.08% (simulated for a 624MW plant in Indonesia).

Introduction 1
Combined Cycle Power Plant Basics 3
1 Functionality of Combined Cycle Power Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Heat Recovery with Coupled Water Steam Cycle for High Efficiencies . 4
2.1 Basic Description of the Water Steam Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2 The Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Water Steam Cycles . . . . 8
2.3 Cogeneration in Power Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Overview About Current Chiller Technologies 13
1 Coefficient of Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2 Vapour Compression Chillers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.1 Components of a Vapour Compression Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram of a Vapour Compression Cycle . . 15
2.3 Heat and Mass Balance in a Centrifugal Chiller . . . . . . . . . 16
2.4 Drives for Vapour Compression Chillers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3 Absorption Chillers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.1 Components of the Absorption Refrigeration Cycle . . . . . . . 21
3.2 Vapour Pressure Chart for Aqueous Lithium-Bromide Solutions 24
3.3 Multi-Effect Absorption Chillers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.4 Heat Sources for Absorption Chillers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
3.5 Heat and Mass Balance in a Single-Effect Absorption Chiller . . 28
3.6 Heat and Mass Balance in a Double-Effect Absorption Chiller . 33
4 Adsorption Chillers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5 Steam Jet Chillers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
6 Free Cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Market Analysis for District Cooling 41
1 Outlook Cooling Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2 The Benefits of District Cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3 Market Analysis of District Cooling Capacities and Concepts . . . . . . 46
Derivation of System Design Data 51
1 Reference Power Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2 Objectives for Combined Cooling and Power Plants . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3 Derivation of Annual Cooling Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.1 Total Annual Cooling Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.2 Seoul’s Normalised Cooling Demand Correlation . . . . . . . . . 54
3.3 Annual Cooling Load Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.4 Equipment Sizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.5 Defining Off-Design Load Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.6 Annual District Heating Load Profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4 Remaining Design Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
District Cooling Concepts Analysis 77
1 General System Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
2 Available District Cooling Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3 Concept Performance Estimations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
3.1 Performance Analysis of District Cooling Concept 1 . . . . . . . 85
3.2 Performance Analysis of District Cooling Concept 2 . . . . . . . 88
3.3 Comparison of Performance Estimations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
4 Combined Cooling and Power Plant Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
4.1 Plant Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
4.2 Plant Simulation Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.3 Future Performance Prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
5 Alternative District Cooling Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
5.1 Cold End Corrosion Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
5.2 Novel Process for Free Chilled Water Extraction from Cold End
Corrosion Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5.3 Cold as a By-Product from Cold End Corrosion Protection . . . 104
5.4 Design Data of District Cooling Concept 10 . . . . . . . . . . . 107
District Cooling Plant — Basic Engineering 111
1 Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams for District Cooling Concept 10 . 111
1.1 System Description High-Temperature Heat Source . . . . . . . 112
1.2 System Description Heat Rejection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
1.3 System Description Chilled Water Supply Line . . . . . . . . . . 115
1.4 System Description Chilled Water Return Line . . . . . . . . . . 117
1.5 System Description Chilled Water Distribution . . . . . . . . . . 121
2 Main Component Sizing of the District Cooling Plant . . . . . . . . . . 123
2.1 Sizing of Main Piping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
2.2 Piping Pressure Losses in District Cooling Main Pipe . . . . . . 125
2.3 Chilled Water Circulating Pump Sizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
2.4 Expansion Tank Sizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
2.5 Impact on Condensate Extraction Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Conclusion 141
A Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams Legend 145
B Moody Diagram 147
                                

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