Embankments, dams, levees, floods walls and other water retaining structures play an important barrier function against floods and the associated disasters. The stability of these structures is jeopardized by the seepage erosion which happens during the high flood level situation. More than 40% of the instability in these structures are associated with piping and/or internal erosion. The increment in magnitude and frequency of extreme weather (hurricanes, typhoons, rainfall induced flood, earthquakes induced tsunami) due to the climate change, becomes a major challenge for civil engineers to develop a sustainable and resilient hydraulic structures against these disasters. The use of geosynthetics is one of the effective countermeasures. soil reinforcement is widely applied for increasing the strength and stability of the soil in various applications, including retaining structures, embankments, foundations, slopes and pavements. Reinforcing the soil with flexible and discrete fibers brings several technical, economic and environmental benefits. According to the above statements the main objectives of this research are, to investigate the hydraulic responses of fiber-reinforced soil susceptible to seepage failure initiated in form of piping and suffusion and access the soil-fiber interactions subjected to seepage
A constant head apparatus was developed and seepage tests were performed on poorly-graded soil and gap-graded soil prepared with various soil densities, fiber contents and fiber lengths. The seepage test results showed that for FRS of uniform soil the critical hydraulic gradient for soil piping failure increases as the fiber content increases and the shorter the fiber the better the hydraulic response of FRS; for the FRS of gap-graded soil, the suffusion failure was observed with shorter fiber and less fiber content. The fiber-reinforced soil has more effective results at dense state (high relative density) in improving piping failure.
Fiber orientation and distribution tests and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were conducted to assess the soil-fiber interactions. The tests results identify three types of the soil-fiber interactions. The first is the "Filling effect" of the constriction size of soil skeleton, which was associated with the number of fiber (fiber content) and the fiber orientation distribution, was observed in the uniform soil specimens. The second and third effects, was the "Netting effect" and "Bonding effect" respectively. The "Netting effect" creates a net to catch and hold the finer particles from migration, which is controlled by the fiber content and the orientation and distributions of fibers in the soil. The "Bonding effect" provides tensile strength from fibers, which is controlled by the fibers orientation distributions alone.
The hydro-mechanical relationship of fiber-reinforced soil was established using a direct shear tests. The test results indicate that there is a unique relationship between the critical hydraulic gradients and the soil shear strength of fiber-reinforced soil specimens. Finally, a series of numerical experiments was performed on embankment models backfilled with unreinforced and fiber-reinforced soils subjected to a flood event to evaluate the stability and soil piping potential of fiber-reinforced soils. The numerical analyses on the unreinforced and fiber-reinforced uniform soil showed that the fiber-reinforced soil generates higher factor of safety and delayed seepage advancement compared to the unreinforced one. Additionally, soil piping potential of fiber-reinforced soil was found to be lower (more stable) than the unreinforced soil.

Embankments, dams, levees, floods walls and other water retaining structures play an important barrier function against floods and the associated disasters. The stability of these structures is jeopardized by the seepage erosion which happens during the high flood level situation. More than 40% of the instability in these structures are associated with piping and/or internal erosion. The increment in magnitude and frequency of extreme weather (hurricanes, typhoons, rainfall induced flood, earthquakes induced tsunami) due to the climate change, becomes a major challenge for civil engineers to develop a sustainable and resilient hydraulic structures against these disasters. The use of geosynthetics is one of the effective countermeasures. soil reinforcement is widely applied for increasing the strength and stability of the soil in various applications, including retaining structures, embankments, foundations, slopes and pavements. Reinforcing the soil with flexible and discrete fibers brings several technical, economic and environmental benefits. According to the above statements the main objectives of this research are, to investigate the hydraulic responses of fiber-reinforced soil susceptible to seepage failure initiated in form of piping and suffusion and access the soil-fiber interactions subjected to seepage
A constant head apparatus was developed and seepage tests were performed on poorly-graded soil and gap-graded soil prepared with various soil densities, fiber contents and fiber lengths. The seepage test results showed that for FRS of uniform soil the critical hydraulic gradient for soil piping failure increases as the fiber content increases and the shorter the fiber the better the hydraulic response of FRS; for the FRS of gap-graded soil, the suffusion failure was observed with shorter fiber and less fiber content. The fiber-reinforced soil has more effective results at dense state (high relative density) in improving piping failure.
Fiber orientation and distribution tests and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were conducted to assess the soil-fiber interactions. The tests results identify three types of the soil-fiber interactions. The first is the "Filling effect" of the constriction size of soil skeleton, which was associated with the number of fiber (fiber content) and the fiber orientation distribution, was observed in the uniform soil specimens. The second and third effects, was the "Netting effect" and "Bonding effect" respectively. The "Netting effect" creates a net to catch and hold the finer particles from migration, which is controlled by the fiber content and the orientation and distributions of fibers in the soil. The "Bonding effect" provides tensile strength from fibers, which is controlled by the fibers orientation distributions alone.
The hydro-mechanical relationship of fiber-reinforced soil was established using a direct shear tests. The test results indicate that there is a unique relationship between the critical hydraulic gradients and the soil shear strength of fiber-reinforced soil specimens. Finally, a series of numerical experiments was performed on embankment models backfilled with unreinforced and fiber-reinforced soils subjected to a flood event to evaluate the stability and soil piping potential of fiber-reinforced soils. The numerical analyses on the unreinforced and fiber-reinforced uniform soil showed that the fiber-reinforced soil generates higher factor of safety and delayed seepage advancement compared to the unreinforced one. Additionally, soil piping potential of fiber-reinforced soil was found to be lower (more stable) than the unreinforced soil.

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