瀝青在製造和施工過程中被加熱，導致粘合劑揮發和氧化。高溫和長時間暴露在高溫下會導致瀝青老化。短期老化 (STA) 是由於製造溫度高而導致瀝青粘合劑通過揮發和氧化降解溫拌瀝青 (WMA) 技術是一種解決方案，並且由於其獨特的降低混合和壓實溫度的能力而在近年來日益受到重視不影響混音質量。此外，使用粒狀橡膠 (CR) 改質瀝青混合料可最大限度地減少開裂和車轍，從而提高路面使用壽命。因此，本研究檢測了含有 sasobit 瀝青添加劑的橡膠改質溫拌瀝青混凝土的短期老化。 Sasobit (3%) 和 60/70 的瀝青混合了不同的 CR 含量（0%、5%、10%、15%、20%）。檢查復合粘合劑的滲透、軟化點和粘度。在兩種條件下製備和測試粒狀橡膠改質的WMA；未老化和短期老化。老化的瀝青混凝土混合物在 135°C 烘箱中保持 4 小時，然後使用SGC鏇轉壓實機壓實。對所有壓實試樣進行磨耗、馬歇爾穩定性、IDEAL-CT和車輪起痕試驗，並根據所得結果計算老化指數。隨著 CR 含量的增加，CR 改性的粘合劑滲透率降低，而軟化點和粘度增加。結果表明，添加溫拌助劑的粒狀橡膠瀝青可方便地用作瀝青混合料的改質劑，以提高瀝青混合料的性能。就馬歇爾穩定性和 IDEAL-CT 測試而言，建議使用 20% 的粒狀橡膠作為最佳 CR 含量，而 5% CR 在車輪追蹤方面表現出最佳性能，觀察到隨著老化指數的降低，混合物之間的老化程度較小。

Asphalt is heated during manufacture and construction, causing binders to volatilize and oxidize. Elevated heat and prolonged exposure to high temperatures lead to asphalt aging. Short term aging (STA) is the degradation of asphalt binders by volatilization and oxidation owing to high manufacturing temperatures Warm mix asphalt (WMA) technology is a solution and has grown in prominence in recent years because of its unique ability to reduce mixing and compaction temperatures without compromising mix quality. In addition, using crumb rubber (CR) modified asphalt mixes enhances pavement longevity by minimizing cracking and rutting. Thus, the short-term aging of rubber-modified warm mix asphalt concrete with sasobit additive was examined in this study. Sasobit (3%) and a 60/70 bitumen were blended with different CR contents (0%, 5%,10% 15%, 20%). The penetration, softening point, and viscosity of the composite binder were examined. The crumb rubber modified WMA was prepared and tested in two conditions; unaged and short term aged. Aged asphalt concrete mix was kept in a 135°C oven for 4 hours then compacted using a SGC. Abrasion loss, Marshall stability, IDEAL-CT and wheel tracking tests were all performed on the all compacted specimens and the aging indices were calculated according to the results obtained. The CR modified binder penetration reduced while the softening point and viscosity were increased as CR content increases. Results indicated that crumb rubber bitumen with warm mix additive can be conveniently used as modifiers for asphalt mixes to improve performance of asphalt mixture. 20% crumb rubber is recommended as the optimum CR content in terms of Marshall stability and IDEAL-CT tests while 5% CR showed the best performing in terms of wheel tracking. Less extent of aging among mixtures as a decreasing aging index is observed.

AAPA., (2001). Warm Mix Asphalt – A-State-of-the-Art Review. Association. (http://www.aapa.asn.au/content/aapa/download/AdvisoryNote17.pdf)
Airey, G. D., and Brown S. F., (1998). Rheological performance of aged polymer modified bitumens Asphalt Paving Technology 1998, Boston, Massachusetts.
Akisetty, C., Xiao, F.P., Gadhi, T., and Amirkhanian, S., (2011). Estimating correlations between rheological and engineering properties of rubberized asphalt concrete mixtures containing warm mix asphalt additive. Construction and Building Materials, 25(2), 950-956. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.06.087
Ameli, A., Babagoli, R., and Aghapour, M., (2016). Laboratory evaluation of the effect of reclaimed asphalt pavement on rutting performance of rubberized asphalt mixtures. Petroleum Science and Technology, 34(5), 449-453. https://doi.org/10.1080/10916466.2016.1141215
Amirkhanian, S., and Corley, M., (2004). Utilization of Rubberized Asphalt in the United States-an Overview. Proceedings of 04 International Symposium Advanced Technologies in Asphalt Pavements, South Korea.
ASSHTO. (2019). Standard Method of Test for Hamburg Wheel-Track Testing of Compacted Asphalt Mixtures. In (pp. 14): American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO).
ASTM. 2013. Standard test method for penetration of bituminous materials. ASTM D5. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM D36-06. (2006). Standard Test Method for Softening Point of Bitumen (Ring-and-Ball Apparatus). In. USA: ASTM International.
ASTM. 2015. Standard test method for rheological properties of non-Newtonian materials by rotational viscometer. ASTM D2196. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM.
ASTM. (2007). Standard Test Method for Indirect Tensile (IDT) Strength of Bituminous Mixtures. In. The American Society for Testing and Materials.
ASTM. (2019). Standard Test Method for Determination of Cracking Tolerance Index of Asphalt Mixture Using the Indirect Tensile Cracking Test at Intermediate Temperature. In: The American Society for Testing and Materials.
Ayman, A. Q., Zuhayr, M. A. R., and Ghazaly, M. D., (2018). Effect of aged crumb rubber bitumen on performance dense graded mix in malaysia. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(4), 1356–1369.
Baek, C., Underwood, B. S., and Kim, Y. R., (2012). Effects of Oxidative Aging on Asphalt Mixture Properties. Transportation Research Record, 2296(2296), 77-85. https://doi.org/10.3141/2296-08
Bahia, H. U., and Davis, R., (1994). Effect of Crumb Rubber Modifiers (CRM) on Performance related Properties of Asphalt Binders. Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists (63), 414-449.
Barthel, W., Marchad J. P., and Von Devivere, M., (2004). Warm asphalt mixes by adding a synthetic zeolite. Eurovia. www.asphamin.com
Batari, A., Mohamad, A., Saeed, M., Ahmed, T. Y and Chinade, Y. U., (2017). Rutting Assessment of Crumb Rubber Modifier Modified Warm Mix Asphalt Incorporating Warm Asphalt Additive. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 4(2), 1239-1244.
Button, J. W., Kim Y., and Ahmed, J., (1987). Mechanistic Evaluation of Selected Asphalt Additives. Proceedings of Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists,
Chandra, K. A., Lee, S. J., and Amirkhanian, S., (2007). High Temperature Properties of Rubberized Binders Containing Warm Asphalt Additives. Construction and Building Materials.
Charania, E., Cano, J. O., and Schnormier, R. H., (1991). Twenty-Year Study of Asphalt Rubber Pavements in Phoenix, Arizona. In Transportation Research Record 1307 (pp. 29-38).
Chen, X. H., Xu, Q. W., Chen, S. F., and Zhang, Z. Q., (2009). Evaluation and design of fiber-reinforced asphalt mixtures. Materials & Design, 30(7), 2595-2603. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2008.09.030
Ching, W. C., and Wong, W. G., (2007). Effect of crumb rubber modifiers on high temperature susceptibility of wearing course mixtures. Construction and Building Materials, 21(8), 1741-1745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.05.020
Chiu, C. T., and Lu, L. C., (2007). A Laboratory Study on Stone Matrix Asphalt using Ground Tire Rubber. Construction and Building Materials, 21, 1027-1033.
Chiu, C. T., (2008). Use of ground tire rubber in asphalt pavements: Field trial and evaluation in Taiwan. Resources Conservation and Recycling, 52(3), 522-532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2007.06.006
Edwards, Y., Tasdemir, Y., and Isacsson, U., (2006). Rheological Effects of Commercial Waxes and Phosporic Acid in Bitumen 160/22 – Low Temperature Performance, Fuel. Construction and Building Materials 85, 989-997.
Edwards, Y., Tasdemir, Y., and Isacsson, U., (2006). “Influence of Commercial Waxes and Polyphosphoric Acid on Bitumen and Asphalt Concrete Performance at Low and Medium Temperatures, . Journal of Materials and Structures, 39(7).
Epps, J. A., (1994). Uses of Recycled Rubber Tires in Highways.
FHWA. (2004). Warm Mix Technologies and Research. U.S.: Federal Highway Administration
Fontes, L. P., Trinches, G., Pais, J. C., and Pereira, P. A., (2010). Evaluating permanent deformation in asphalt rubber mixtures. Construction and Building Materials, 24(7), 1193-1200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.12.021
Fouz, F., (2014). A Study about using rubber in modifying bituminous mixtures in Latakia city.
Gandhi, T. A., (2007). Laboratory Investigation of Warm Asphalt Binder Properties (– A Preliminary Investigation, MAIREPAV5 Proceedings, Issue.
Gawel, L., Stepkowski, R., and Czechowski, F., (2006). Molecular interactions between rubber and asphalt. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 45(9), 3044-3049. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie050905r
Harnischfeger, S., (2007). Aspha-min Retrospectives and Prospects. Presentation to WMA Scan Team., Germany.
Hassan, A., (2007). Performance of hot mix asphalt using fine crumb rubber Universiti Teknologi Malaysia].
Hicks, G., Tighe. S., and Cheng D., (2012). Rubber Modified Asphalt Technical Manual. In Prepared for the Ontario Tire Stewardship. Toronto, Canada.
Huang, B., Mohammad, L. M., Graves, P. S., and Abadie, C., (2002). Louisiana Experience with Crumb-Modified-Mix Asphalt Pavement (Transportation Research Record 1789, Issue.
Ibrahim, M. R., Katman, H. Y., Karim., Koting, S., and Mashaan, N. S., (2013). A Review on the Effect of Crumb Rubber Addition to the Rheology of Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2013, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/415246
Isayev, A. I., (2005). Recycling of Rubbers: Science and Technology of Rubber. (Third Edition ed.). Academic Press.
Islam, M. R., Hossain, M. I., and Tarefder, R. A., (2015). A study of asphalt aging using Indirect Tensile Strength test. Construction and Building Materials, 95, 218-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.07.159
Issa, Y., (2016). Effect of Adding Waste Tires Rubber to Asphalt Mix International Journal of Scientific Research and Innovative Technology, 3(5), 61-68.
Jaber, A., Elbalawi, I., Elhayek, M., and Qandeel, R., (2014). Investigation the mechanical properties of concrete mixes using tire rubber as a partial replacement of coarse aggregates Islamic University of Gaza].
Jenkins, K., (2000). Mix Design Considerations for Cold and Half-Warm Bituminous Mixes with Emphasis on Foamed Bitumen, Stellenbosch University].
Jones, W., (2004). Warm Mix Asphalt Pavements: Technology of the Future. Asphalt Magazine, 8-11.
Katman, H. Y., Ibrahim, M. R., Karim, M. R., Koting, S., Mashaan, N. S., (2016). Effect of Rubberized Bitumen Blending Methods on Permanent Deformation of SMA Rubberized Asphalt Mixtures. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2016, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/4395063
Koenders, B. G., Stoker, C., Bowen, P., De Groot, O., Larsen., Hardy, D., and Wilms, K. P., (2000). Innovative Processes in Asphalt Production and Application to Obtain Lower Operating Temperatures (2nd Eurasphalt & Eurobitume Congress, Issue.
Kok, B. V., and Colak, H., (2014). Laboratory Comparison of the Crumb Rubber and SBS Modified Bitumen and Hot Mix Asphalt. Construction and Building Materials, 25, 3204-3212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.03.005
Kristjansdottir, O., Muench, S., Michael, L., and Burke, G., (2007). Assessing Potential for Warm-Mix Asphalt Technology Adoption. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 91-99, Article No. 2040.
Kuennen, T., (2005). Paths to Progress (Better Roads, Issue. James Informational Media.
Larsen, O. R., Moen, C., Robertus, B.G., Koenders (2004). WAM-Foam Asphalt Production at Lower Operating Temperatures as an Environmental Friendly Alternative to HMA (Proceedings, 3rd Eurasphalt & Eurobitume Congress, Issue.
Lee, K. W., and Mahboub, K., (2006). Asphalt mix design and construction: past, present, and future (American Society of Civil Engineers., Issue.
Liang, Y., and Lee, S., (1996). Short-Term and Long-Term Aging Behavior of Rubber Modified Asphalt Paving Mixtures. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board (1530), 11-17.
Liu, S. T., Cao, W. D., Fang, F. G., and Shang, S. J., (2009). Variance analysis and performance evaluation of different crumb rubber modified (CRM) asphalt. Construction and Building Materials, 23(7), 2701-2708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.12.009
Lu, X., Soenen, H., Redelius, P., (2004). Impact of bitumen wax on asphalt performance - low temperature cracking. proceedings of the 3rd eurasphalt and eurobitume congress held, vienna.
Mark, J. E., (2005). Science and Technology of Rubber. Third Edition, Academic Press.
Mashaan N. S., Ali, A. H., Koting, S., and Karim, M. R., (2013). Performance Evaluation of Crumb Rubber Modified Stone Mastic Asphalt Pavement in Malaysia. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2013, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/304676
Mathias, L. F., Edel G., Goretti da Motta L., and Herrmann do Nascimento, L. A., (2003). Asphalt Rubber in Brazil: Pavement Performance and Laboratory Study. Proceedings of the Asphalt Rubber 2003 Conference, Brasilia, Brazil.
Moreno, F., Rubio, M. C., and Martinez-Echevarria, M. J., (2011). Analysis of digestion time and the crumb rubber percentage in dry-process crumb rubber modified hot bituminous mixes. Construction and Building Materials, 25(5), 2323-2334.
Moreno, F., Rubio, M. C., and Martinez-Echevarria, M. J., (2012). The Effect of Crumb Rubber Modifier on the Resistance of Asphalt Mixes to Plastic Deformation. Materials and Design, 47, 274-280.
National Center for Asphalt Technology. (2005). NCAT Evaluates Warm Mix. Asphalt Technology News.
Navarrro, M. F., Sanchez, M. S., Gamez M, N, R., and Martinez, M. S., (2014). The Use of Additives for the Improvement of the Mechanical Behavior of High Modulus Asphalt Mixes. Construction and Building Materials, 70, 65-70.
NCAT. (2005). NCAT Evaluates Warm Mix Asphalt (Asphalt Technology News, Issue.
Nejad, M., Fereidoon, P. A., Modarres, A., and Hasan F., (2012). Investigating the properties of crumb rubber modified bitumen using classic and SHRP testing methods. Construction and Building Materials, 26(1), 481-489.
Tai Nguyen, H. T., and Nhan Tran, T., (2018). Effects of crumb rubber content and curing time on the properties of asphalt concrete and stone mastic asphalt using dry process. International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, 11(3), 236-244.
Palit, S. K., Reddy, K. S., and Pandey, B. B., (2004). Laboratory evaluation of crumb rubber modified asphalt mixes. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 16(1), 45-53. https://doi.org/10.1061/(Asce)0899-1561(2004)16:1(45)
Partl, M. N., Pasquini, E., Canestrari F., and Virgili, A., (2009). Analysis of Water and Thermal Sensitivity of Open Graded Asphalt Rubber Mixtures. Construction and Building Materials, 24, 283-291.
Pavement Interactive. Retrieved October from https://pavementinteractive.org/
Presti, D., (2013). Recycled Tyre Rubber Modified Bitumens for road asphalt mixtures: A literature review. Construction and Building Materials, 49, 863-881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.09.007
Prowell, B., (2007). Warm Mix Asphalt: The International Technology. (Scanning Program Summary Report, Issue.
Prowell, B. D., Hurley, G. C., and Crews, E., (2007). Field performance of warm-mix asphalt at national center for asphalt technology test track. Transportation Research Record (1998), 96-102. https://doi.org/10.3141/1998-12
Putman, B. J., (2005). Qualification of the Effects of Crumb Rubber in CRM Binder Clemson University].
Raad, L., Saboundjian, S., and Minassian, G., (2001). Field Aging Effects on Fatigue of Asphalt Concrete and Asphalt-Rubber Concrete. 1767.
Rahman, M., (2004). Characterization of dry process crumb rubber modified asphalt mixtures University of Nottingham].
Rahman, M. M., Airey, G. D., and Collop, A. C., (2010). Moisture Susceptibility of High and Low Compaction Dry Process Crumb Rubber-Modified Asphalt Mixtures. Transportation Research Record, 2180(2180), 121-129. https://doi.org/10.3141/2180-14
Remadevi, M. P., George, E., Narayanan, P., and Sunny, S., (2014). Study of Fibre Reinforced Bituminous Concrete. International Journal of Engineering Research & Development, 10(4), 49-56.
Rodríguez-Alloza, A., Gallego, J., Pérez, I., Bonati, A., and Giuliani, F., (2014). High and low temperature properties of crumb rubber modified binders containing warm mix asphalt additives. Construction and Building Materials, 53, 460-466.
Rubber Manufacturers Association. (2005). State Legislation of Scrap Tires (Rubber Manufacturers Association, Issue.
Ruth, B. E., and Roque, R., (1995). Rubber Modifier (CRM) in Asphalt Pavements. Proceedings of the Transportation Congress,
Santagata, F., Canestrari, F., and Pasquini, E., (2007). Mechanical Characterization of Asphalt Rubber-Wet Process. Proceedings of 4th International SIIV Congress, Pamerlo, Italy.
Sarsam, S., and Muayad, S., (2014). Contribution of Crumb Rubber in the Aging Process of Asphalt Concrete International Journal of Scientific Research in Knowledge, 2(9), 404-415.
Shad, J., Ludgwig Figueroa, William, E., and Abdalla, A., (2009). Performance Assessment of Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) Pavements.
Shafabakhsh, H., Sadeghnejad, M., and Sajed, Y., (2014). Case Study of Rutting Performance of HMA Modified with Waste Rubber Powder. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 1, 69-76.
Shen, J., Amirkhanian, S., and Lee, S.-J., (2005). Effects of Rejuvenating Agents on Recycled Aged Rubber Modified Binders. The International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 6(4), 273-279.
Snyder, R. H., (1998). Scrap Tires: Disposal and Reuse.
Strategic Highway Research Program. (1994). Accelerated Performance-Related Tests for Asphalt-Aggregate Mixes and Their Use in Mix Design and Analysis Systems University of California at Berkeley]. Washington DC.
Takallou, B. H., and Takallou, M. B., (1991). Recycling Tires in Rubber Asphalt Paving Yields Cost, Disposal Benefits, Elastomerics. Transportation Research Board, 123, 19-24.
Tayebali, A., Tsai, B. W., and Monismith, C. L., (1994). Stiffness of Asphalt Aggregate Mixes (Strategic Highway Research Program, Issue.
Tortum, A., Celik, C., and Aydin, A. C., (2005). Determination of the optimum conditions for tire rubber in asphalt concrete. Building and Environment, 40(11), 1492-1504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2004.11.013
Transportation Research Board. (2011). A manual for design of hot mix asphalt with commentary.
Wang, H. N. A., Dang, Z. X., Li, L., and You, Z. P., (2013). Analysis on fatigue crack growth laws for crumb rubber modified (CRM) asphalt mixture. Construction and Building Materials, 47, 1342-1349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.06.014
Wulandari, P., and Tjandra, D., (2017). Use of crumb rubber as an additive in asphalt concrete mixture. Procedia Engineering, 171, 1384-1389.
Xiao, F. P., Amirkhanian, S., and Juang, H., (2007). Rutting Resistance of the Mixture Containing Rubberized Concrete and Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering.
Xiao, P., Amirkhanian, S, N., Shen, J, N., and Putman, B., (2009). Influences of crumb rubber size and type on reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) mixtures. Construction and Building Materials, 23(2), 1028-1034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.05.002
Yin, J., Wang, S., and Lv, F., (2013). Improving the short-term aging resistance of asphalt by addition of crumb rubber radiated by microwave and impregnated in epoxidized soybean oil. Construction and Building Materials, 49, 712-719.
Yu-Shan, L (2020). Effect of Crumb Rubber Modification on Engineering Performance of Asphalt Binders and Mixtures National Taiwan University of Science and Technology].
Yunus, C., and Boles, M., (1994). Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach. 2nd Edition, . Mc.Graw –Hill.
Zaumanis, M (2014). Warm Mix Asphalt. Green Energy and Technology.
Zhong, G., Zeng, X., and Rose J, G., (2002). Shear Modulus and Damping Ratio of Rubber-Modified Asphalt Mixes and Unsaturated Subgrade Soils. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 14, 496-502. https://doi.org/10.1061/~ASCE!0899-1561~2002!14:6~496!