骨折是指骨骼的連續性有部分或全部斷裂的醫學狀況。其中，開放性骨折因為骨折部位接觸體外，會接觸到皮膚上和環境中的細菌，因此在治療開放性骨折時，骨移植物的抗菌性很重要。儘管同種異體移植物和自體移植物已用於臨床治療，但可獲得的數量有限，而且額外的侵入性外科手術可能會導致感染。為了盡量減少這些風險，有必要開發可以替代同種異體移植物和自體移植物，並具有抗菌性的支架。
本研究開發一種複合支架，此複合支架含有三種成分: 膠原蛋白、生物活性玻璃(bioactive glass, BG)和氧化石墨烯(grapheme oxide, GO)。
膠原蛋白能增加凝血作用，有助於術後止血及修復，但缺點是機械強度不足。BG 具有優異的生物活性和骨結合能力，是作為骨植入物的重要生物材料，而且加入BG還能提高膠原蛋白複合支架的機械強度，但是 BG 缺乏抗菌性。GO 具有良好的抗菌性、機械強度和骨再生性，加入 GO 能增強 BG/膠原蛋白複合支架的抗菌性。本研究將使用混合和摻雜兩種方式將 GO 添加到 BG/膠原蛋白複合支架中，使 BG/膠原蛋白複合支架不僅具有良好的生物相容性，也具有抗菌和骨再生特性。
本研究採用冷凍乾燥法製備複合支架，與溶劑澆鑄法和靜電紡絲合成法相比具有無毒、簡單、孔徑可控等優點。 BG/膠原蛋白、GO/BG/膠原蛋白和 GO-doped BG/膠原蛋白複合支架的相組成、微觀結構、孔隙率、機械性能，分別使用 X-ray 繞射、掃描電子顯微鏡、壓汞測孔儀和萬能試驗機進行檢測。此外，按照 Kokubo 的方法檢測體外生物活性，使用 ISO10993-5 之濃度標準進行細胞存活率分析(MTTassay)，使用大腸桿菌(Escherichia coli, E.coli)利用菌落計數法進行抗菌性測試。最後結果顯示，在 BG 中，以混合的方式添加少量 GO，可以增加生物活性玻璃/膠原蛋白複合支架的機械強度，由 3.12MPa增加至 3.94MPa，但抗菌性提升有限，由 6.68%提升至 73.28%﹔以摻雜的方式添加少量 GO，可以增加 BG/膠原蛋白複合支架的抗菌性，由 6.68%提升至 98.62%，但機械強度沒有顯著提升，由 3.12MPa 降至 2.38MPa。

Open-fracture is a medical condition caused by a partial or total
break in the continuity of a bone. This condition can expose the bacteria
that can develop the risk of infection. To treat these defects, the scaffold
needs to be implanted to fill the defect to promote new bone formation
and at the same time should be able to kill clinically present bacteria.
Hence, the development of an osteogenesis-inducing and clinical
bacteria-killing scaffold is required. Natural polymers are suitable
candidates for developing such scaffolds because they can be
manufactured with active agents that promote bone regeneration and
prevent bacterial infection simultaneously. Collagen is biocompatible
natural polymer with important biofunctions such as biodegradability and
antimicrobial activity. However, collagen has a low mechanical strength,
which restrict its wider application. To overcome this limitation, the
incorporation with different biomaterials such as bioactive glass (BG) and
graphene oxide (GO) could offers additional properties. BG is an
important biomaterial for bone implants due to its excellent bioactivity
and osseointegration ability. In addition, the addition of BG can also
improve the mechanical strength of the collagen composite scaffold.
While GO possess excellent antibacterial properties.
In this study, preparation method of freeze-drying was used with the
advantages of non-toxicity, simplicity, and controllable pore size over
solvent casting and electrospinning synthesis. The phase compositions,
microstructures, porosities, mechanical properties of BG/collagen,
GO/BG/collagen, and GO-doped BG/collagen composite scaffolds were
characterized using X-Ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy,
mercury porosimeter and universal testing, respectively. In addition, in
vitro bioactivity was examined following Kokubo’s protocol while the
cell viability was evaluated using MTT assay. Finally, the results indicate
that the addition of GO into BG/collagen composite scaffolds enhance
bioactivity antibacterial property, and cell viability and corresponded
mechanism were discussed.

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