Revenue from carbon pricing are reported around USD 84 billion in recent years. An international criminal network in the European Union was able to secure 27 million euros in subsidies related to energy efficiency certification. There should be a better method to store the emission data for the carbon issuing process because, according to an IBM Security Report, compromised credentials and phishing will be the most common attack vectors against traditional databases in 2022.
Blockchain offers a secure storage platform but the cost of storing data on-chain is expensive, off-chain storage become the solution of that situation making blockchain stores related information instead of the whole data. IPFS offers content addressing for off-chain storage which allows the data to be decentralized to avoid a single point of failure because in centralized data base whoever control the location controls the content. IPFS itself doesn’t offer content persistence, this is where Filecoin comes in by keeping the file pinned in IPFS nodes which made Web3Storage able to offer persistent storage without being garbage collected by the IPFS. To further enhance the security, transparency, and integrity of the data/report. Alerting system is also implemented to detect, record and alert suspicious data insertion, smart meter failure while also keeping data integrity by checking the current state of the data inside Web3Storage.
The result shows that proposed model able to reduce the data volume stored in blockchain significantly and reducing the cost of storing data in blockchain network making the system more scalable. While the data retrieval rate are significant for application on Big Data environment since the data are stored off-chain on Web3Storage the data persistence can also be offered by the model. And to further enhance the data security and integrity, the alert system is used to detect suspicious activity within the process while also recording and send it to authorities to help them if an investigation occurs in the future.

Revenue from carbon pricing are reported around USD 84 billion in recent years. An international criminal network in the European Union was able to secure 27 million euros in subsidies related to energy efficiency certification. There should be a better method to store the emission data for the carbon issuing process because, according to an IBM Security Report, compromised credentials and phishing will be the most common attack vectors against traditional databases in 2022.
Blockchain offers a secure storage platform but the cost of storing data on-chain is expensive, off-chain storage become the solution of that situation making blockchain stores related information instead of the whole data. IPFS offers content addressing for off-chain storage which allows the data to be decentralized to avoid a single point of failure because in centralized data base whoever control the location controls the content. IPFS itself doesn’t offer content persistence, this is where Filecoin comes in by keeping the file pinned in IPFS nodes which made Web3Storage able to offer persistent storage without being garbage collected by the IPFS. To further enhance the security, transparency, and integrity of the data/report. Alerting system is also implemented to detect, record and alert suspicious data insertion, smart meter failure while also keeping data integrity by checking the current state of the data inside Web3Storage.
The result shows that proposed model able to reduce the data volume stored in blockchain significantly and reducing the cost of storing data in blockchain network making the system more scalable. While the data retrieval rate are significant for application on Big Data environment since the data are stored off-chain on Web3Storage the data persistence can also be offered by the model. And to further enhance the data security and integrity, the alert system is used to detect suspicious activity within the process while also recording and send it to authorities to help them if an investigation occurs in the future.

[1] "Global Carbon Pricing Generates Record $84 Billion in Revenue," ed: World Bank, 2022.
[2] "State and Trends of Carbon Pricing 2022," World Bank, Washington DC, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/37455
[3] W. Bank, "Digital Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification Systems and Their Application in Future Carbon Markets," World Bank, 2022.
[4] I. Security, "Cost of a Data Breach Report 2022," IBM, 2022.
[5] H. P. Tianyang Zhang, Chi-Cheng Chu, Rajit Gadh, "Real-time renewable energy incentive system for electric vehicles using prioritization and cryptocurrency," Applied Energy, 2018.
[6] D. C. Nguyen, P. N. Pathirana, M. Ding, and A. Seneviratne, "Blockchain for Secure EHRs Sharing of Mobile Cloud Based E-Health Systems," IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 66792-66806, 2019, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2917555.
[7] J. Jayabalan and N. Jeyanthi, "Scalable blockchain model using off-chain IPFS storage for healthcare data security and privacy," Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing, vol. 164, pp. 152-167, 2022/06/01/ 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpdc.2022.03.009.
[8] "Climate Change - Glossary of Key Terms." http://www.epa.vic.gov.au/climate-change/glossary.asp (accessed January 25, 2023).
[9] "Five stories from new voluntary offsets data." https://carbonmarketwatch.org/ (accessed December 11, 2022).
[10] Verra. "VCS Monitoring Report " https://verra.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/VCS-Monitoring-Report-Template-v4.1.docx (accessed 29 December 2022.
[11] A. C. Registry. "American Carbon Registry - Monitoring Report." https://americancarbonregistry.org/carbon-accounting/guidance-tools-templates/acr-monitoring-report-template_version-4.docx/view (accessed 29 December 2022.
[12] G. Standart. "Gold Standart Monitoring Report." https://globalgoals.goldstandard.org/t-perfcert-monitoring-report/ (accessed 29 December 2022.
[13] D. Puthal, N. Malik, S. P. Mohanty, E. Kougianos, and C. Yang, "The Blockchain as a Decentralized Security Framework [Future Directions]," IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 18-21, 2018, doi: 10.1109/MCE.2017.2776459.
[14] E. Yavuz, A. Koc, U. C. Çabuk, and G. Dalkiliç, "Towards secure e-voting using ethereum blockchain," 2018 6th International Symposium on Digital Forensic and Security (ISDFS), pp. 1-7, 2018.
[15] Ethereum. "Ethereum Energy Consumption." https://ethereum.org/en/energy-consumption/ (accessed 16 October 2022.
[16] S. Tikhomirov, "Ethereum: State of Knowledge and Research Perspectives," in Foundations and Practice of Security, Cham, A. Imine, J. M. Fernandez, J.-Y. Marion, L. Logrippo, and J. Garcia-Alfaro, Eds., 2018// 2018: Springer International Publishing, pp. 206-221.
[17] R. Herschel and V. M. Miori, "Ethics & big data," Technology in Society, vol. 49, pp. 31-36, 2017.
[18] T. Besley and S. Coate, "Centralized versus decentralized provision of local public goods: a political economy approach," Journal of public economics, vol. 87, no. 12, pp. 2611-2637, 2003.
[19] J. Benet, "Ipfs-content addressed, versioned, p2p file system," arXiv preprint arXiv:1407.3561, 2014.
[20] "Web3Storage." https://web3.storage/ (accessed 8 December 2022.
[21] "Internet of Everything (IOEX)." https://www.ioex.vip/ (accessed 9 December 2022.
[22] A. Nadkarni, "Why Decentralized Storage Based on Web3 Technology Will Ultimately Replace Many Public Cloud-Based Storage Services," 2022.
[23] M. R. David Choi. "Intro to Web3Storage." https://blog.web3.storage/posts/say-hello-to-the-data-layer-1-3-intro-to-web3-storage (accessed 6 December 2022.
[24] P. Gupta, V. Dedeoglu, S. S. Kanhere, and R. Jurdak, "TrailChain: Traceability of data ownership across blockchain-enabled multiple marketplaces," Journal of Network and Computer Applications, vol. 203, p. 103389, 2022/07/01/ 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2022.103389.
[25] M. Alnafrani and S. Acharya, "SecureRx: A blockchain-based framework for an electronic prescription system with opioids tracking," Health Policy and Technology, vol. 10, no. 2, p. 100510, 2021/06/01/ 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlpt.2021.100510.
[26] W. van Groesen and P. Pauwels, "Tracking prefabricated assets and compliance using quick response (QR) codes, blockchain and smart contract technology," Automation in Construction, vol. 141, p. 104420, 2022/09/01/ 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2022.104420.
[27] H. Li, L. Zhu, M. Shen, F. Gao, X. Tao, and S. Liu, "Blockchain-Based Data Preservation System for Medical Data," Journal of Medical Systems, vol. 42, no. 8, p. 141, 2018/06/28 2018, doi: 10.1007/s10916-018-0997-3.
[28] S. Jiang, J. Cao, H. Wu, Y. Yang, M. Ma, and J. He, "BlocHIE: A BLOCkchain-Based Platform for Healthcare Information Exchange," in 2018 IEEE International Conference on Smart Computing (SMARTCOMP), 18-20 June 2018 2018, pp. 49-56, doi: 10.1109/SMARTCOMP.2018.00073.
[29] Y. Chen, S. Ding, Z. Xu, H. Zheng, and S. Yang, "Blockchain-Based Medical Records Secure Storage and Medical Service Framework," Journal of Medical Systems, vol. 43, no. 1, p. 5, 2018/11/22 2018, doi: 10.1007/s10916-018-1121-4.
[30] N. Mahmoud, A. Aly, and H. Abdelkader, "Enhancing Blockchain-based Ride-Sharing Services using IPFS," Intelligent Systems with Applications, vol. 16, p. 200135, 2022/11/01/ 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswa.2022.200135.
[31] Q. Wang, R. Li, Q. Wang, S. Chen, M. Ryan, and T. Hardjono, Exploring Web3 From the View of Blockchain. 2022.
[32] "Mastering Bitcoin - Structure of a Block." https://learning.oreilly.com/library/view/mastering-bitcoin/9781491902639/ch07.html#_structure_of_a_block (accessed 20 November 2022.
[33] "What is Block Sizes." https://www.bitstamp.net/learn/crypto-101/what-is-block-size/ (accessed 23 November 2022.
[34] "Ethereum Gas Price." https://ycharts.com/indicators/ethereum_average_gas_price (accessed 15 December 2022.
[35] "Gwei to USD Conversion." https://nomics.com/markets/gwei-gwei/usd-united-states-dollar (accessed 15 December 2022.
[36] G. Wood, "Ethereum: A secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger," Ethereum project yellow paper, vol. 151, no. 2014, pp. 1-32, 2014.