朝鮮薊萃取物具有保肝利膽、抗癌、抗氧化、抗菌等功能，因此常用應用於保健食品及藥物上。紫膜 (purple membrane, PM) 中含有具光敏性細菌視紫質(bacteriorhodopsin) 膜蛋白，受到光激發後可用以產生光電流，因此可作為光電訊號轉換器。本論文使用先前實驗室已開發以 PM 為光電訊號轉換器且可分別偵測真菌、革蘭氏陽性菌與革蘭氏陰性菌之生物感測器，對朝鮮薊萃取物的抑菌特性進行探討；檢測對象包含牙斑菌以及另外2 株真菌、2 株革蘭氏陽性菌與3 株革蘭氏陰性菌。以 10 CFU/mL 菌濃度做為抑菌實驗的初始濃度，並在培養基中分別加入 4 種不同濃度的朝鮮薊酒水萃液與水萃液，以及 6 種不同精油，觀察6、12、28與24小時不同培養時間後的菌濃度。菌濃度分別以上述三種不同的 PM 光電感測晶片量測，並同時與傳統的光譜分析法進行比對。以晶片量測結果發現，在兩種朝鮮薊萃取物的結果中顯示出朝鮮薊酒水萃液比水萃液的抑菌效果來的好。含有朝鮮薊酒水萃液、牛至精油與茶樹精油之組合對牙斑菌具有最佳的抑菌效果；於培養 6與24 小時後，抑菌比例可分別達 96.1% 與 99.7%。其次，對於朝鮮薊水萃液，在含有牛至精油與茶樹精油之組合下，對牙斑菌於培養 6與24 小時後，抑菌比例可分別達 96.3% 與99.6%。此外，對於另外 2株真菌、2株革蘭氏陽性菌與3株革蘭氏陰性菌，在相同朝鮮薊酒水萃與精油的組合下，均有類似的抑菌效果，而與 4 種市售漱口水相比，也均有良好的抑菌效果。傳統光譜分析法在本研究中無法測得培養 6 小時的菌濃度，需培養 24 小時後才可量測到，我們可以藉由 PM 晶片高靈敏度的特性來測得較低的菌濃度。本研究顯示以 PM 為光電訊號轉換器的微生物感測器可取代傳統分析方法，更快速與準確地探討組合溶液的抑菌效果。

Artichoke extracts, a nutritional supplement and potential medicine, have antibacterial, anti-cancer, antioxidant, liver-protection, and choleretic functions. Purple membrane (PM) containing photoactive bacteriorhodopsin can be used to generate photocurrents under illumination; therefore, it can be applied as the photoelectric signal transducer of a biosensor. In this study, the antibacterial effect of artichoke extracts is undertaken by using 3 different photoelectric biosensors targeting fungi, Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria, respectively, which have been previously developed in this laboratory using PM as the transducer. Streptococcus mutans along with 2 fungus, 2 other Gram-positive, and 3 Gram-negative bacterial strains are the assay targets, with 10 CFU/mL as the inoculum concentration. Alcoholic-aqueous and aqueous extracts of artichoke as well as 6 different essential oils, all at 4 different concentrations, are added to the growth medium. Then, aliquots of cell cultures are sampled at 6, 12, 18, and 24-h incubation to measure the cell concentrations using the above-mentioned 3 different PM-based biosensors and the traditional spectrophotometry method, respectively. By biosensors, the result in two kinds of artichoke extracts shows that alcoholic-aqueous extract of artichoke has better antibacterial effect than aqueous extract. A mixture containing the alcoholic-aqueous extract of artichoke, oregano essential oil, and tea-tree essential oil is found to exhibit the best antibacterial effect against S. mutans, with the antibacterial efficiencies of 96.1% and 99.7% after the 6- and 24-h incubation, respectively. For, the artichoke aqueous extract, the mixture with the addition of oregano essential oil, and tea-tree essential oil also yields the best antibacterial effect against S. mutans, with the antibacterial efficiencies of 96.3% and 99.6% after the 6- and 24-h incubation, respectively. Against the 2 fungus, 2 other Gram-positive, and 3 Gram-negative bacterial strains, the mixture containing the alcoholic-aqueous extract of artichoke, oregano essential oil, and tea-tree essential oil shows a similar antibacterial effect as against S. mutans. Compared with 4 kinds of commercial mouthwashes, the mixture also shows a similar antibacterial effect as against S. mutans. In this study, the traditional spectrophotometry method fails to determine the cell concentrations of any 6-h cultures and results in hardly satisfactory data only for the 24-h cultures. Therefore, we can get the lower cell concentration data by the higher sensitive PM-based biosensors. This study demonstrates that the PM-based biosensors are promising alternatives to the traditional spectrophotometry method to investigate the effects of bacteriostats in a faster and more accurate way.

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賴銀德，檢測真菌、革蘭氏陽性菌與陰性菌之紫膜生物光電晶片開發，國立臺灣科技大學化學工程研究所碩士論文，2019

廖清德，紫膜生物光電晶片於朝鮮薊抑菌研究之應用，國立臺灣科技大學化學工程研究所碩士論文，2021