在這項研究中，我們將多種官能基單體和致孔劑與寡聚體結合，藉由調節交聯密度和利用非溶劑-聚合誘導相分離 (nonsolvent-polymerization induced phase separation, N-PIPS) 技術控制3D列印 (3D printing, 3DP) 產品的密度、機械性質與聲學性質 (acoustic property)。N-PIPS已被證實可以生成微米至次微米級的孔隙，成功克服了3DP在列印尺寸和列印時間的限制。
實驗結果表明，固化樹脂的密度會隨著引入多官能基單體所造成的交聯密度增加而增加，此外，光固化樹脂的楊氏模數和玻璃轉移溫度 (glass transition temperature, Tg) 也隨著樹脂密度的增加而增加，從而影響聲學性質，密度越高，聲速 (speed of sound, SoS) 越高。
這項研究所使用的 N-PIPS 在 3DP中能誘導出微觀結構，結果表明，當致孔劑和寡聚體之間的親和力 (affinity) 增加時，相分離速率降低，形成雙連續多孔結構 (bi-continuous structure)。反之，致孔劑和寡聚體相互作用較弱時，可能導致快速相分離並產生格狀孔洞 (cellular pores)。最終所得結構的孔隙率範圍為8.3-34.4%，孔徑範圍約為0.2-367.0 μm，總孔隙面積為21.8-28.4 m2/g。
本研究探究多孔結構對聲學性質的影響，孔隙率的增加會導致聲速降低和衰減係數 (attenuation coefficient, AC) 增加。研究結果表明，在製造具有複雜多孔結構的組織複製品時，將N-PIPS和3DP整合在一起有巨大的潛力。這些製造出來的體模具有理想的聲學特性，可以應用於臨床訓練中。

In this study, we formulated a resin by combining oligomers with various functional monomers and a porogen. This allowed for the adjustment of the crosslinking density and the utilization of N-PIPS, thereby enabling control over the density, mechanical strength, and acoustic properties of 3D-printed (3DP) products. The N-PIPS method proved to be effective in generating micrometer to sub-micrometer pores, overcoming the limitations of multi-scales in 3DP.
The experimental results indicated that the density of the cured resin increased with the crosslinking density achieved by incorporating multi-functional monomers. The Young's modulus and Tg (glass transition temperature) of the photo-cured resin also increased with resin density, thereby influencing the acoustic properties. Higher density led to higher acoustic speed.
This research induced microstructures in 3DP using N-PIPS. The results showed that when the affinity between the porogen and oligomers increased, the phase separation rate decreased, resulting in bi-continuous porous structures. Conversely, low porogen-oligomer interaction caused fast phase separation and resulted in cellular pores. The obtained structure exhibited a porosity range of 8.3-34.4%, a pore size range of approximately 0.2-367.0 μm, and a total pore area of 21.8-28.4 m2/g.
The influence of porous structures on acoustic properties was investigated. Increased porosity led to a decrease in acoustic speed and an increase in the attenuation coefficient. This study demonstrated the potential of integrating N-PIPS and 3DP in the fabrication of tissue replicates with complicated porous structures. These phantoms with ideal ultrasonic properties could be applied in clinical training.

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