隨著環保議題的崛起，發電技術備受關注，可再利用廢料逐漸取代高污染廢料的使用。摩擦奈米發電機(TENG)在小型設備和傳感器供電領域取得了優異的進展，具備簡便、柔性和環保等優勢。為了充分發揮其在市場上的潛力，本研究提出通過提高元件的電荷生成和電荷保留能力以提高電荷密度，提升了 TENG 的摩擦電輸出、耐用性和可靠性。

首先，我們設計並製作一種新穎且可持續的摩擦電材料。 我們觀察到富含角蛋白的材料（例如皮膚、頭髮和毛皮）已被研究為摩擦電系列中最具正電性的材料之一。 在這項研究中，透過將羽毛中提取的角蛋白摻入幾丁聚醣中，獲得了氣凝膠形式的完全生物廢物衍生均質摩擦電層，從而實現了更實用和可複制的方法。隨後研究了所開發的 CK-TENG 裝置的摩擦能量收集特性。結果表明，與無角蛋白的TENG相比，輸出電壓提高了375%，在 6N 的作用力下輸出電壓高達322 V，並產生了14.4 W/m2的高功率密度和超過8000次循環的優異循環穩定性，這對於實際應用至關重要。我們還研究了所開發設備在實際應用中的潛在適用性，結果表明，它可以在6 N的作用力下點亮超過250個LED、啟動LCD設備，並且對電容器充電。

其次，透過添加高介電常數和高陷阱電荷的碳膜作為電荷存儲和阻擋層對CK-TENG進行了改進，使元件的電壓輸出提高了46%至470 V，功率密度提高了60%至 23.1 瓦/平方米。 它能夠在應用中展示出更高的性能，例如更快的電容器充電速率以及提供 LCD 和 LED 設備更快的開啟時間。 它還能夠從聲波中收集能量，並對握力監測表現出高靈敏度。在 CK-TENG 中引入碳中間層被證明是提高摩擦電性能的一種簡單且低成本的方法。

這項研究為角蛋白和生物廢物衍生材料及其在TENG中使用碳膜作為中間層進行綠色能源收集、同時再利用廢物能源鋪墊了道路。同時強調了TENG的耐用性、穩定性和潛在可擴展性，並廣泛應用於收集環境能量、鞋式發電機到健康監測設備等領域。

Environmental conservation efforts are pushing for energy generation technologies that refrain from the use of highly polluting fuels and promote the reuse of waste materials. Advances in triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have seen progress in harvesting energy from ambient mechanical sources and powering small devices and sensors while being compact, flexible, biocompatible, and eco-friendly. To help fully realize its potential in the market, this study enhances the triboelectric output, durability, and reliability of TENGs through the strategy of improving its charge density by increasing the charge generation and charge retention capability of the device.

Firstly, a novel and sustainable triboelectric material was designed and fabricated. It was observed that keratin-rich materials such as skin, hair, and fur have been studied to be some of the most positive materials in the triboelectric series. In this study, a more practical and replicable approach is achieved by incorporating extracted keratin from feathers into chitosan to obtain a completely biowaste-derived and homogenous triboelectric layer in aerogel form. Then, the triboelectric energy harvesting property of the developed CK-TENG device was investigated. The findings showed that the output voltage was improved by 375% compared to the TENG without keratin, with values reaching up to 322 V under an applied force of 6 N. It also produced a high power density of 14.4 W/m2 and excellent cyclic stability for more than 8000 cycles which are crucial for real applications. The potential applications of the developed device were also studied and the results showed that it can turn on over 250 LEDs, display an LCD device, and charge capacitors under an applied force of 6 N. Moreover, it was successful in harvesting energy from waste vibration, from acoustic energy, and as a shoe generator, and the electrical output was utilized to power electronic devices.

Secondly, the CK-TENG was modified through the addition of a high dielectric constant and high charge trap carbon film as a charge storage and blocking layer, which increased the device voltage output by 46% to 470 V and the power density by 60% to 23.1 W/m2. It was able to demonstrate improved performance in applications such as faster charging rates in charging capacitors and faster turn-on time for powering LCD and LED devices. It was also able to harvest energy from acoustic energy and show high sensitivity for grip strength monitoring. The introduction of the carbon intermediate layer in the CK-TENG showed to be a simple and low cost method to improving triboelectric performance.

This work paves the way for keratin and biowaste-derived materials and the use of carbon film intermediate layers in TENGs for green energy harvesting and simultaneous waste energy utilization. It also highlights the durability, stability, and potential scalability of the TENG for a wide range of real applications, from ambient energy harvesting and shoe generators to health monitoring devices.

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