本論文通過使用單金屬及雙金屬化合物之化學方法還原高與低濃度硝酸根進行了研究。從不同的銅前驅物和硼氫化鈉（NaBH4）直接合成零價銅（Cu0）並以此化學法應用於模擬廢水中高濃度硝酸根。各種參數包括銅的添加劑量、還原劑劑量，初始pH值和溫度被測量，以確定其對硝酸根還原效果。實驗結果顯示，濃縮硝酸根（677 mg-N/L）與氧化銅（0.312 g/L）及硼氫化鈉（4.16 g/L）在60℃下進行反應，可在55分鐘內完全還原。擬一階速率常數（Kobs）為0.059min-1，當氧化銅的劑量增加到1.24 g/L時速率常數上升了三倍。在整個實驗中增加硼氫化鈉的劑量會產生較少的亞硝酸根，表示它是用於減少亞硝酸根的主要試劑。初始pH值對反應速率有顯著的影響，且初始pH值低於4時硝酸根迅速降低。活化能Ea為44.5+6.3 kJ/mol，這意味著零價銅還原硝酸根主要是化學反應控制。所有實驗中銅在水溶液中濃度經處理後小於0.18 mg/L。基於這些發現，我們提議零價銅是還原硝酸根的主要電子予體;此外零價銅轉化成二價銅後由硼氫化鈉立即還原成零價銅。
使用不同的前驅物研究其對還原反應產生之影響：用硫酸銅，氧化銅，氧化亞銅，銅粉末及過篩之銅顆粒以還原濃縮硝酸根，並將結果在粒徑，比表面積，動力學和形貌方面進行討論。前驅物顆粒的特性使用掃描型電子顯微鏡/電子譜儀（SEM / EDS），X射線衍射（XRD）和布魯諾爾-艾米特-泰勒（BET）表面積分析儀等儀器測定。所獲得的結果相互比較也與文獻回顧中文獻進行了比較。結果顯示，零價銅是本系統中的主要顆粒，且從硫酸銅產生之零價銅具有最小粒徑890.9 nm和最大表面積（26.31 m2/g）。硝酸根還原率（擬一階）由低到高順序為：銅粉<氧化亞銅<氧化銅<硫酸銅，數值範圍為0.015到0.166 min-1，半衰期為4.18至46.20。實驗結果顯示零價銅對高濃度硝酸根是有效、高效的。
除了單金屬還原外還對雙金屬銅/鋁的還原硝酸根之效率進行了研究。通過加入第二金屬（銅）試圖改善鋁金屬對硝酸根之還原，且對第二金屬還原硝酸根的影響進行了研究。結果顯示，銅/鋁雙金屬顆粒還原硝酸根取決於許多參數，包括還原劑劑量，銅/鋁比例，初始pH值和接觸時間。5％的銅/鋁（銅佔5％）雙金屬顆粒在1小時內除掉大部分測試之不同硝酸根濃度（50，100，150，200和300 mg/L）。從一23 mg-N/L溶液中使用0.15克鋁在初始溶液pH值11.6及25℃下，100％除去硝酸根所需時間約40分鐘，但只有40％硝酸根被鋁轉化。鋁的載量會影響對氮氣之選擇性。 0.15克鋁與5％的銅/鋁比表現出最佳選擇性，即22％氮氣。從批次實驗之動力學分析實驗結果顯示，較高的初始硝酸根濃度產生較高之反應速度常數，而還原率隨銅劑量的增加而上升。在這項研究中使用的方法顯示雙金屬法對硝酸根還原和選擇性是有效的。

In this work, reduction of high and low concentrations of nitrate by chemical methods using mono and bimetal compounds were investigated. Chemical method by zero-valent copper (Cu0) synthesized in situ from different copper precursors and sodium borohydride (NaBH4) was applied to high concentration of nitrate from simulated waste water. Various parameters were measured, including the Cu dose, reducing agent dose, initial pH, and temperature, to determine their effect on NO3- removal. The experimental results show that concentrated NO3- (677 mg-N/L) can be completely reduced within 55 min by reacting with CuO (0.312 g/L) and NaBH4 (4.16 g/L) at 60°C. Pseudo-first-order rate constant (Kobs) was 0.059 min-1, and it increased threefold when the CuO dose was increased to 1.24 g/L. Increasing the NaBH4 dose produced less intermediate ion, nitrite (NO2-) throughout the experiments, indicating that it is the primary agent for reducing NO2-. The initial pH level exerted a significant effect on the reaction rate, and NO3- was rapidly reduced when the initial pH level was less than 4. The activation energy Ea was 44.5 + 6.3 kJ/mol, implying that the reduction of NO3- by Cu0 is controlled primarily by chemical reaction. The Cu concentration in treated water was less than 0.18 mg/L in all experiments.
Precursor effects on reduction were investigated using different precursor: CuSO4, CuO, Cu2O, Cu powder and Cu mesh to reduce concentrated nitrate and the results were discussed in terms of particle size, surface area, kinetics and morphology. Characteristics of the precursor particles were determined using scanning electron microscope/electron dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analyzer. The results obtained were compared with each other and also with those reported in the literatures. The results indicate that zero-valent copper (Cu0) is the main particle present in the system, and Cu0 from CuSO4 possessed the smallest particle size of 890.9 nm and highest surface area (26.31 m2/g). Nitrate reduction rates (pseudo-first-order) increased in the order: Cu powder < Cu2O < CuO < CuSO4, ranging from 0.015 to 0.166 min-1 and half-life time from 4.18 to 46.20 min. Based on these findings, we propose that Cu0 is the main electron donor for NO3- reduction; moreover,Cu0 was converted to Cu2+, which was immediately reduced to Cu0 by NaBH4. Experimental results showed that Cu0 was effective and efficient for high concentration of nitrate.
In addition to monometallic reduction, this work investigated the efficiency of bimetallic Cu/Al for nitrate reduction. An attempt is made to improve the nitrate reduction on Al metal by the addition of a second metal (Cu). The influence of the second metal for nitrate reduction is studied. The result suggests that the reduction of nitrate by Cu/Al bimetallic particles was dependent on a number of parameters including reductant dose, Cu/Al ratio, initial pH, and contact time. The 5% Cu/Al (Cu loading of 5 %) bimetallic particles removed the majority of the various nitrate concentrations tested (50, 100, 150, 200 and 300 mg/L) within 1 hour. The time required for the removal of 100 % of the NO3- from a 23 mg-N/L solution was about 40 min using 0.15 g Al at an initial solution pH of 11.6 and 25oC, while only 40% nitrate was transformed by Al alone. The load of Al is the one which affects the selectivity to N2. 0.15g Al with 5% Cu/Al ratio showed the best selectivity that is 22 % N2. The experimental results of the kinetic analysis from batch studies indicated that a higher initial nitrate concentration yielded a greater reaction rate constant and the reduction rate increased with increasing Cu dosage. The methods used in this study showed that bimetallic methods are effective for nitrate reduction and selectivity.

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