高級氧化程序(Advanced Oxidation Processes, AOPs)近年來受到高度關注，予以光輔佐之電-芬頓系統通過電能與光激發產生活性極強的羥基自由基(Hydroxyl Radicals, ‧OH)，可達有機汙染物降解功效，而如何製備兼具光催化性能及導電性之電極材料為主要研究核心。
本研究以SS316L不銹鋼作為電極基材，並透過水熱解法與熱還原法製備三氧化鎢氧缺陷結構；而後藉由複合不同添加量還原氧化石墨烯作為光電極之儲存電能載體，期望能有效對光電極材料電子傳導能力及光催化活性提供優化之機能。
結果顯示，以水熱解法製備三氧化鎢，並通過煆燒溫度500 ℃氬氣氣氛還原下，其具最低能帶間隙2.22 eV。而添加5 wt. % rGO之WO3-X/5 wt. % rGO/SS316L電極，具最高電活性面積大小(2.575 cm2)及最低電子-電洞復合效率，可歸因於rGO充當光激發WO3-X後之載體產生電荷移轉；經30分鐘光電-芬頓系統降解RhB染料脫色率可達86.7 %，相較於未修飾之SS316L基材脫色效率顯著提升2.01 倍。

Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have received high attention in recent years, the Electro-Fenton system which assisted by light excitation can generate the extremely active hydroxyl radicals (‧OH), through the conversion of electrical energy and light excitation. This system can efficiently degradate the more organic pollutants, and preapring the electrode with both photocatalytic and conductivity performance was the purpose of this research.
In this study, SS316L stainless steel was used as the electrode substrate. the tungsten trioxide with oxygen defect structure (WO3-X) was prepared by hydropyrolysis method and thermal reduction, then composited reduced oxide graphene (rGO) with different addition amounts as a carrier for storing electrical energy in photoelectrodes. It could effectively optimize the electronic conductivity and photocatalytic activity of the photoelectrode.
The results showed that WO3-X reduced by Ar atmosphere at 500 ℃ gained the lowest band gap 2.22 eV. Furthermore, the WO3-X/5 wt. % rGO/SS316L electrode had the highest electroactive area (2.575 cm2) and the lowest electron-hole recombination rate simultaneously, which was owing to the charge transfer of WO3-X promotion by rGO carrier. The decolorization rate of RhB dye was 86.7 % in Photo Electro-Fenton, compared with the unmodified SS316L substrate, the decolorization efficiency is significantly enhanced by 2.01 times.

[1] E. Mousset, Z. T. Ko, M. Syafiq, Z. Wang, and O. Lefebvre, "Electrocatalytic activity enhancement of a graphene ink-coated carbon cloth cathode for oxidative treatment," Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 222, pp. 1628-1641, 2016.
[2] S. Chou, Y.H. Huang, S.N. Lee, G.H. Huang, and C. Huang, "Treatment of high strength hexamine-containing wastewater by electro-Fenton method," Water Research, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 751-759, 1999.
[3] L. Xia, J. Bai, J. Li, Q. Zeng, X. Li, and B. Zhou, "A highly efficient BiVO4/WO3/W heterojunction photoanode for visible-light responsive dual photoelectrode photocatalytic fuel cell," Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, Vol. 183, pp. 224-230, 2016.
[4] Z. Jiao, J. Wang, L. Ke, X. W. Sun, and H. V. Demir, "Morphology-tailored synthesis of tungsten trioxide (hydrate) thin films and their photocatalytic properties," ACS applied materials & interfaces, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 229-236, 2011.
[5] J. A. Seabold and K.-S. Choi, "Effect of a cobalt-based oxygen evolution catalyst on the stability and the selectivity of photo-oxidation reactions of a WO3 photoanode," Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 23, No. 5, pp. 1105-1112, 2011.
[6] F. Zhan, Y. Liu, K. Wang, Y. Liu, X. Yang, Y. Yang, X. Qiu, W. Li, and J. Li, "In situ formation of WO3-xbased heterojunction photoanodes with abundant oxygen vacancies via a novel microbattery method," ACS applied materials & interfaces, Vol. 11, No. 17, pp. 15467-15477, 2019.
[7] Y. Li, C. Wang, H. Zheng, F. Wan, F. Yu, X. Zhang, and Y. Liu, "Surface oxygen vacancies on WO3 contributed to enhanced photothermo-synergistic effect," Applied Surface Science, Vol. 391, pp. 654-661, 2017.
[8] D. C. Marcano, D. V. Kosynkin, J. M. Berlin, A. Sinitskii, Z. Sun, A. Slesarev, L. B. Alemany, W. Lu, and J. M. Tour, "Improved synthesis of graphene oxide," ACS nano, Vol. 4, No. 8, pp. 4806-4814, 2010.
[9] X. Sun, S. Ji, M. Wang, J. Dou, Z. Yang, H. Qiu, S. Kou, Y. Ji, and H. Wang, "Fabrication of porous TiO2-RGO hybrid aerogel for high-efficiency, visible-light photodegradation of dyes," Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 819, p. 153033, 2020.
[10] W. Zhu, F. Sun, R. Goei, and Y. Zhou, "Facile fabrication of RGO-WO3 composites for effective visible light photocatalytic degradation of sulfamethoxazole," Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, Vol. 207, pp. 93-102, 2017.
[11] P. L. Yue and K. Lowther, "Enzymatic oxidation of C1 compounds in a biochemical fuel cell," The Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. B69-B77, 1986.
[12] M. Li, M. Zhou, X. Tian, C. Tan, C. T. McDaniel, D. J. Hassett, and T. Gu, "Microbial fuel cell (MFC) power performance improvement through enhanced microbial electrogenicity," Biotechnology Advances, Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 1316-1327, 2018.
[13] X. Zhu and J. Ni, "Simultaneous processes of electricity generation and p-nitrophenol degradation in a microbial fuel cell," Electrochemistry Communications, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 274-277, 2009.
[14] X.-Q. Wang, C.-P. Liu, Y. Yuan, and F.-b. Li, "Arsenite oxidation and removal driven by a bio-electro-Fenton process under neutral pH conditions," Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 275, pp. 200-209, 2014.
[15] L. Feng and S. Hao, "Promoting efficiency of microbial extracellular electron transfer by synthetic biology," Chinese Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 516-534.
[16] X. Li, S. Chen, I. Angelidaki, and Y. Zhang, "Bio-electro-Fenton processes for wastewater treatment: Advances and prospects," Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 354, pp. 492-506, 2018.
[17] H. Dai, H. He, C. Lai, Z. Xu, X. Zheng, G. Yu, B. Huang, X. Pan, and D. D. Dionysiou, "Modified humic acids mediate efficient mineralization in a photo-bio-electro-Fenton process," Water Research, Vol. 190, p. 116740, 2021.
[18] Z.R. Tóth, K. Hernadi, L. Baia, G. Kovács, and Z. Pap, "Controlled formation of Ag-AgxO nanoparticles on the surface of commercial TiO2 based composites for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of oxalic acid and phenol," Catalysis Today, 2020.
[19] S. S. Sable, K. J. Shah, P.-C. Chiang, and S.L. Lo, "Catalytic oxidative degradation of phenol using iron oxide promoted sulfonated-ZrO2 by Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs)," Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, Vol. 91, pp. 434-440, 2018.
[20] O. Legrini, E. Oliveros, and A. Braun, "Photochemical processes for water treatment," Chemical reviews, Vol. 93, No. 2, pp. 671-698, 1993.
[21] M. Cheng, G. Zeng, D. Huang, C. Lai, P. Xu, C. Zhang, and Y. Liu, "Hydroxyl radicals based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for remediation of soils contaminated with organic compounds: A review," Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 284, pp. 582-598, 2016.
[22] P. V. Nidheesh, R. Gandhimathi, and S. T. Ramesh, "Degradation of dyes from aqueous solution by Fenton processes: a review," Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 2099-2132, 2013.
[23] H. Fenton, "LXXIIIN Oxidation of tartaric acid in presence of iron," Journal of The Chemical Society, Transactions, Vol. 65, pp. 899-910.
[24] J. Lin and C.-k. Wang, "Oxidation of 2-Chlorophenol in Water by Ultrasound/Fenton Method," Journal of Environmental Engineering-asce - J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE, Vol. 126, pp. 130-137, 2000.
[25] F. Haber and J. Weiss, "Über die Katalyse des Hydroperoxydes," Naturwissenschaften, Vol. 20, No. 51, pp. 948-950, 1932.
[26] E. Brillas, I. Sirés, and M. A. Oturan, "Electro-Fenton Process and Related Electrochemical Technologies Based on Fenton’s Reaction Chemistry," Chemical Reviews, Vol. 109, No. 12, pp. 6570-6631, 2009.
[27] Z. Ai, H. Xiao, T. Mei, J. Liu, L. Zhang, K. Deng, and J. Qiu, "Electro-Fenton Degradation of Rhodamine B Based on a Composite Cathode of Cu2O Nanocubes and Carbon Nanotubes," The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 112, No. 31, pp. 11929-11935, 2008.
[28] P. V. Nidheesh and R. Gandhimathi, "Trends in electro-Fenton process for water and wastewater treatment: An overview," Desalination, Vol. 299, pp. 1-15, 2012.
[29] M. A. Oturan, "An ecologically effective water treatment technique using electrochemically generated hydroxyl radicals for in situ destruction of organic pollutants: Application to herbicide 2,4-D," Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 475-482, 2000.
[30] X. Zhang, M. Sangwan, C. Yan, P. V. Koshlyakov, E. N. Chesnokov, Y. Bedjanian, and L. N. Krasnoperov, "Disproportionation Channel of the Self-reaction of Hydroxyl Radical, OH + OH → H2O + O, Revisited," The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, Vol. 124, No. 20, pp. 3993-4005, 2020.
[31] A. Fujishima and K. Honda, "Electrochemical Photolysis of Water at a Semiconductor Electrode," Nature, Vol. 238, No. 5358, pp. 37-38, 1972.
[32] S. H. Teo, A. Islam, Y. H. Taufiq-Yap, and M. R. Awual, "Introducing the novel composite photocatalysts to boost the performance of hydrogen (H2) production," Journal of Cleaner Production, p. 127909, 2021.
[33] E. Biaduń, N. Nowak, J. Kowalska, K. Miecznikowski, and B. Krasnodębska-Ostręga, "Organic matter decomposition before arsenic speciation analysis of water sample – “Soft decomposition” using nano-photocatalysts," Chemosphere, Vol. 207, pp. 481-488, 2018.
[34] S. Saini, Y. T. Prabhu, B. Sreedhar, P. K. Prajapati, U. Pal, and S. L. Jain, "Visible light induced α-amino acid synthesis from carbon dioxide using nanostructured ZnO/CuO heterojunction photocatalyst," Materialia, Vol. 12, p. 100777, 2020.
[35] T. N. Q. Trang, L. T. N. Tu, T. V. Man, M. Mathesh, N. D. Nam, and V. T. H. Thu, "A high-efficiency photoelectrochemistry of Cu2O/TiO2 nanotubes based composite for hydrogen evolution under sunlight," Composites Part B: Engineering, Vol. 174, p. 106969, 2019.
[36] R. Wang, W. Zhang, W. Zhu, L. Yan, S. Li, K. Chen, N. Hu, Y. Suo, and J. Wang, "Enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalytic sterilization of tungsten trioxide by surface-engineering oxygen vacancy and carbon matrix," Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 348, pp. 292-300, 2018.
[37] C.J. Huang, F.-M. Pan, and I. C. Chang, "Enhanced photocatalytic decomposition of methylene blue by the heterostructure of PdO nanoflakes and TiO2 nanoparticles," Applied Surface Science, Vol. 263, pp. 345–351, 2012.
[38] Q. e. Wang, K. Zheng, H. Yu, L. Zhao, X. Zhu, and J. Zhang, "Laboratory experiment on the nano-TiO2 photocatalytic degradation effect of road surface oil pollution," Nanotechnology Reviews, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 922-933, 2020.
[39] A. Djurišić, Y. Leung, and A. M. C. Ng, "Strategies for improving the efficiency of semiconductor metal oxide photocatalysis," Materials Horizons, Vol. 1, p. 400, 2014.
[40] C. Pan and Y. Zhu, "New Type of BiPO4 Oxy-Acid Salt Photocatalyst with High Photocatalytic Activity on Degradation of Dye," Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 44, No. 14, pp. 5570-5574, 2010.
[41] M. Zirak, O. Moradlou, M. R. Bayati, Y. T. Nien, and A. Z. Moshfegh, "On the growth and photocatalytic activity of the vertically aligned ZnO nanorods grafted by CdS shells," Applied Surface Science, Vol. 273, pp. 391-398, 2013.
[42] Y. Chen, Q. Wu, J. Wang, and Y. Song, "RETRACTED: Visible-light-induced photocatalytic mitigation of ibuprofen using magnetic black TiO2-x/CaFe2O4 decorated on diatomaceous earth," Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 763, p. 142960, 2021.
[43] X. Ding, Z. Ai, and L. Zhang, "Design of a visible light driven photo-electrochemical/electro-Fenton coupling oxidation system for wastewater treatment," Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 239-240, pp. 233-240, 2012.
[44] X. Liu, Y. Zhou, J. Zhang, L. Luo, Y. Yang, H. Huang, H. Peng, L. Tang, and Y. Mu, "Insight into electro-Fenton and photo-Fenton for the degradation of antibiotics: Mechanism study and research gaps," Chemical Engineering Journal, Vol. 347, pp. 379-397, 2018.
[45] A. Safarzadeh-Amiri, J. Bolton, and S. Cater, "The Use of Iron in Advanced Oxidation Processes," Journal of Advanced Oxidation Technologies, Vol. 1, pp. 18-26, 1996.
[46] M. S. Lucas and J. A. Peres, "Decolorization of the azo dye Reactive Black 5 by Fenton and photo-Fenton oxidation," Dyes and Pigments, Vol. 71, No. 3, pp. 236-244, 2006.
[47] H. Zhang, H. J. Choi, and C.-P. Huang, "Optimization of Fenton process for the treatment of landfill leachate," Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 125, No. 1, pp. 166-174, 2005.
[48] D. L. Sedlak and A. W. Andren, "Oxidation of chlorobenzene with Fenton's reagent," Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 777-782, 1991.
[49] S. M. Kim and A. Vogelpohl, "Degradation of organic pollutants by the photo‐Fenton‐process," Chemical Engineering & Technology: Industrial Chemistry‐Plant Equipment‐Process Engineering‐Biotechnology, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 187-191, 1998.
[50] J. S. Kim, H. Y. Kim, C. H. Won, and J. G. Kim, "Treatment of Leachate Produced in Stabilized Landfills by Coagulation and Fenton Oxidation Process," Journal of the Chinese Institute of Chemical Engineers, Vol. 32, pp. 425-429, 2001.
[51] P. R. Gogate and A. B. Pandit, "A review of imperative technologies for wastewater treatment II: hybrid methods," Advances in environmental research, Vol. 8, No. 3-4, pp. 553-597, 2004.
[52] Y. Deng and J. D. Englehardt, "Treatment of landfill leachate by the Fenton process," Water research, Vol. 40, No. 20, pp. 3683-3694, 2006.
[53] D. Hermosilla, M. Cortijo, and C. P. Huang, "Optimizing the treatment of landfill leachate by conventional Fenton and photo-Fenton processes," Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 407, No. 11, pp. 3473-3481, 2009.
[54] M. B. Tahir, G. Nabi, M. Rafique, and N. R. Khalid, "Nanostructured-based WO3 photocatalysts: recent development, activity enhancement, perspectives and applications for wastewater treatment," International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, Vol. 14, No. 11, pp. 2519-2542, 2017.
[55] J. Wang, Z. Chen, G. Zhai, and Y. Men, "Boosting photocatalytic activity of WO3 nanorods with tailored surface oxygen vacancies for selective alcohol oxidations," Applied Surface Science, Vol. 462, pp. 760-771, 2018.
[56] X. Liu, F. Wang, and Q. Wang, "Nanostructure-based WO3 photoanodes for photoelectrochemical water splitting," Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 14, No. 22, pp. 7894-7911, 2012.
[57] C. Di Valentin and G. Pacchioni, "Spectroscopic Properties of Doped and Defective Semiconducting Oxides from Hybrid Density Functional Calculations," Accounts of Chemical Research, Vol. 47, No. 11, pp. 3233-3241, 2014.
[58] K. Bange, "Colouration of tungsten oxide films: A model for optically active coatings," Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 58, No. 1, pp. 1-131, 1999.
[59] K. Manthiram and A. P. Alivisatos, "Tunable localized surface plasmon resonances in tungsten oxide nanocrystals," Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 134, No. 9, pp. 3995-3998, 2012.
[60] A. Di Paola, F. Di Quarto, and C. Sunseri, "Anodic oxide films on tungsten—I. The influence of anodizing parameters on charging curves and film composition," Corrosion Science, Vol. 20, No. 8-9, pp. 1067-1078, 1980.
[61] Z.-G. Zhao and M. Miyauchi, "Nanoporous-Walled Tungsten Oxide Nanotubes as Highly Active Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalysts," Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 47, No. 37, pp. 7051-7055, 2008.
[62] S.N. Nam, T. Nguyen, J. Son, and J. Oh, "Tungsten Trioxide (WO3)-assisted Photocatalytic Degradation of Antibiotic Amoxicillin by Simulated Sunlight Irradiation," Scientific Reports, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 1-18, 2019.
[63] R. Liu, Y. Lin, L. Y. Chou, S. W. Sheehan, W. He, F. Zhang, H. J. Hou, and D. Wang, "Water splitting by tungsten oxide prepared by atomic layer deposition and decorated with an oxygen‐evolving catalyst," Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 50, No. 2, pp. 499-502, 2011.
[64] S. Wang, H. Chen, G. Gao, T. Butburee, M. Lyu, S. Thaweesak, J.-H. Yun, A. Du, G. Liu, and L. Wang, "Synergistic crystal facet engineering and structural control of WO3 films exhibiting unprecedented photoelectrochemical performance," Nano Energy, Vol. 24, pp. 94-102, 2016.
[65] W. S. A. El-Yazeed and A. I. Ahmed, "Photocatalytic activity of mesoporous WO3/TiO2 nanocomposites for the photodegradation of methylene blue," Inorganic Chemistry Communications, Vol. 105, pp. 102-111, 2019.
[66] C. Wang, D. Wu, P. Wang, Y. ao, and J. Qian, "Effect of oxygen vacancy on enhanced photocatalytic activity of reduced ZnO nanorod arrays," Applied Surface Science, Vol. 325, pp. 112-116, 2015.
[67] A. P. York, J. Sloan, and M. L. Green, "Epitaxial growth of WO3–x needles on (10 1 [combining macron] 0) and (01 1 [combining macron] 0) WC surfaces produced by controlled oxidation with CO2," Chemical Communications, No. 3, pp. 269-270, 1999.
[68] C. Shao, A. S. Malik, J. Han, D. Li, M. Dupuis, X. Zong, and C. Li, "Oxygen vacancy engineering with flame heating approach towards enhanced photoelectrochemical water oxidation on WO3 photoanode," Nano Energy, Vol. 77, p. 105190, 2020.
[69] J. J. Yang, M. D. Pickett, X. Li, D. A. Ohlberg, D. R. Stewart, and R. S. Williams, "Memristive switching mechanism for metal/oxide/metal nanodevices," Nature nanotechnology, Vol. 3, No. 7, pp. 429-433, 2008.
[70] G. Dong, X. Wang, Z. Chen, and Z. Lu, "Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of Vacuum-activated TiO2 Induced by Oxygen Vacancies," Photochemistry and Photobiology, Vol. 94, No. 3, pp. 472-483, 2018.
[71] S. Y. Wu, X. M. Ren, J. L. Zhang, X. L. Wu, and L. Z. Liu, "Electronic coupling between sulfur adsorption and oxygen vacancy in TiO2 microstructures for room-temperature ferromagnetism," Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, Vol. 50, No. 36, p. 365304, 2017.
[72] J. Song, X. Gu, Y. Cao, and H. Zhang, "Porous oxygen vacancy-rich V2O5 nanosheets as superior semiconducting supports of nonprecious metal nanoparticles for efficient on-demand H2 evolution from ammonia borane under visible light irradiation," Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, No. 17, pp. 10543-10551, 2019.
[73] Y. Wang, B. Wang, Y. Xu, M. Fang, Z. Wu, W. Zhu, J. Hong, and C. Li, "Hydrothermal oxidation synthesis of rod-like ZnO and the influence of oxygen vacancy on photocatalysis," Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society, Vol. 64, No. 2, pp. 188-194, 2017.
[74] X. Pan, M. Q. Yang, X. Fu, N. Zhang, and Y. J. Xu, "Defective TiO2 with oxygen vacancies: synthesis, properties and photocatalytic applications," (in eng), Nanoscale, Vol. 5, No. 9, pp. 3601-3614, 2013.
[75] K. Pan, K. Shan, S. Wei, K. Li, J. Zhu, S. H. Siyal, and H. H. Wu, "Enhanced photocatalytic performance of WO3-x with oxygen vacancies via heterostructuring," Composites Communications, Vol. 16, pp. 106-110, 2019.
[76] Y. Li, Z. Tang, J. Zhang, and Z. Zhang, "Enhanced photocatalytic performance of tungsten oxide through tuning exposed facets and introducing oxygen vacancies," Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 708, pp. 358-366, 2017.
[77] T. Ihara, M. Miyoshi, Y. Iriyama, O. Matsumoto, and S. Sugihara, "Visible-light-active titanium oxide photocatalyst realized by an oxygen-deficient structure and by nitrogen doping," Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, Vol. 42, No. 4, pp. 403-409, 2003.
[78] S.J. Wang, M.C. Wang, S.F. Chen, Y.H. Li, T.S. Shen, H.Y. Bor, and C.N. Wei, "Electrical and Physical Characteristics of WO3/Ag/WO3 Sandwich Structure Fabricated with Magnetic-Control Sputtering Metrology †," Sensors, Vol. 18, p. 2803, 2018.
[79] A. Kumar, S. Samanta, and R. Srivastava, "Systematic Investigation for the Photocatalytic Applications of Carbon Nitride/Porous Zeolite Heterojunction," ACS Omega, Vol. 3, No. 12, pp. 17261-17275, 2018.
[80] Z.F. Li, H. Zhang, Q. Liu, Y. Liu, L. Stanciu, and J. Xie, "Covalently-grafted polyaniline on graphene oxide sheets for high performance electrochemical supercapacitors," Carbon, Vol. 71, pp. 257-267, 2014.
[81] A. K. Geim and K. S. Novoselov, "The rise of graphene," in Nanoscience and Technology: A Collection of Reviews from Nature Journals: World Scientific, 2010, pp. 11-19.
[82] E. S. Khatibi, M. Haghighi, and S. Mahboob, "Efficient surface design of reduced graphene oxide, carbon nanotube and carbon active with cupper nanocrystals for enhanced simulated-solar-light photocatalytic degradation of acid orange in water," Applied Surface Science, Vol. 465, pp. 937-949, 2019.
[83] B. Xu, S. Yue, Z. Sui, X. Zhang, S. Hou, G. Cao, and Y. Yang, "What is the choice for supercapacitors: Graphene or graphene oxide," Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 4, pp. 2826-2830, 2011.
[84] S. Stankovich, D. A. Dikin, R. D. Piner, K. A. Kohlhaas, A. Kleinhammes, Y. Jia, Y. Wu, S. T. Nguyen, and R. S. Ruoff, "Synthesis of graphene-based nanosheets via chemical reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide," Carbon, Vol. 45, No. 7, pp. 1558-1565, 2007.
[85] Z. Y. Xia, G. Giambastiani, C. Christodoulou, M. V. Nardi, N. Koch, E. Treossi, V. Bellani, S. Pezzini, F. Corticelli, and V. Morandi, "Synergic exfoliation of graphene with organic molecules and inorganic ions for the electrochemical production of flexible electrodes," ChemPlusChem, Vol. 79, No. 3, pp. 439-446, 2014.
[86] Z. W. Seh, S. Liu, M. Low, S. Y. Zhang, Z. Liu, A. Mlayah, and M. Y. Han, "Janus Au‐TiO2 photocatalysts with strong localization of plasmonic near‐fields for efficient visible‐light hydrogen generation," Advanced Materials, Vol. 24, No. 17, pp. 2310-2314, 2012.
[87] L. Xu, C.Q. Tang, J. Qian, and Z.B. Huang, "Theoretical and experimental study on the electronic structure and optical absorption properties of P-doped TiO2," Applied Surface Science, Vol. 256, No. 9, pp. 2668-2671, 2010.
[88] V. Ganesh, A. Pandikumar, M. Alizadeh, R. Kalidoss, and K. Baskar, "Rational design and fabrication of surface tailored low dimensional Indium Gallium Nitride for photoelectrochemical water cleavage," International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 45, No. 15, pp. 8198-8222, 2020.
[89] J. Liu, L. Han, N. An, L. Xing, H. Ma, L. Cheng, J. Yang, and Q. Zhang, "Enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity of carbonate-doped anatase TiO2 based on the electron-withdrawing bidentate carboxylate linkage," Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, Vol. 202, pp. 642-652, 2017.
[90] S. Cao and J. Yu, "Carbon-based H2-production photocatalytic materials," Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology C: Photochemistry Reviews, Vol. 27, pp. 72-99, 2016.
[91] R. Czerw, B. Foley, D. Tekleab, A. Rubio, P. M. Ajayan, and D. L. Carroll, "Substrate-interface interactions between carbon nanotubes and the supporting substrate," Physical Review B, Vol. 66, No. 3, p. 033408, 2002.
[92] A. Mondal, A. Prabhakaran, S. Gupta, and V. R. Subramanian, "Boosting Photocatalytic Activity Using Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO)/Semiconductor Nanocomposites: Issues and Future Scope," ACS Omega, Vol. 6, No. 13, pp. 8734-8743, 2021.
[93] M. Long, Y. Cong, X.-K. LI, Z.W. Cui, Z.J. Dong, and G.M. Yuan, "Hydrothermal synthesis and photocatalytic activity of partially reduced graphene oxide/TiO2 composite," Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica, Vol. 29, No. 6, pp. 1344-1350, 2013.
[94] L. Tie, C. Yu, Y. Zhao, H. Chen, S. Yang, J. Sun, S. Dong, and J. Sun, "Fabrication of WO3 nanorods on reduced graphene oxide sheets with augmented visible light photocatalytic activity for efficient mineralization of dye," Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 769, pp. 83-91, 2018.
[95] D.H. Lee, J. G. Park, H. S. Kim, J. Y. Bae, B. Jeong, D. U. Kim, K.-S. Lee, G.-H. Kim, K. S. Chang, and I. J. Kim, "Effect of higher-order diffraction on the interference formed by Bragg scattering for large size optical surfaces," Results in Physics, Vol. 16, p. 102968, 2020.
[96] E. Pavel, "Light Amplification by Quantum Confinement (LAQC) in quantum optical lithography," Optics & Laser Technology, Vol. 143, p. 107287, 2021.
[97] P. T. Kissinger and W. R. Heineman, "Cyclic voltammetry," Journal of Chemical Education, Vol. 60, No. 9, p. 702, 1983.
[98] K. S. Yang, G. Mul, and J. A. Moulijn, "Electrochemical generation of hydrogen peroxide using surface area-enhanced Ti-mesh electrodes," Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 52, No. 22, pp. 6304-6309, 2007.
[99] E. Brillas, "Recent development of electrochemical advanced oxidation of herbicides. A review on its application to wastewater treatment and soil remediation," Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 290, p. 125841, 2021.
[100] E. Mousset, Z. Wang, J. Hammaker, and O. Lefebvre, "Physico-chemical properties of pristine graphene and its performance as electrode material for electro-Fenton treatment of wastewater," Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 214, pp. 217-230, 2016.
[101] Q. Hao, T. Liu, J. Liu, Q. Liu, X. Jing, H. Zhang, G. Huang, and J. Wang, "Controllable synthesis and enhanced gas sensing properties of a single-crystalline WO3–rGO porous nanocomposite," RSC Advances, Vol. 7, No. 23, pp. 14192-14199, 2017.
[102] J. Cao, B. Luo, H. Lin, and S. Chen, "Photocatalytic activity of novel AgBr/WO3 composite photocatalyst under visible light irradiation for methyl orange degradation," Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 190, No. 1, pp. 700-706, 2011.
[103] R. Nagarjuna, S. Challagulla, P. Sahu, S. Roy, and R. Ganesan, "Polymerizable sol–gel synthesis of nano-crystalline WO3 and its photocatalytic Cr(VI) reduction under visible light," Advanced Powder Technology, Vol. 28, No. 12, pp. 3265-3273, 2017.
[104] S. J. Hong, H. Jun, P. H. Borse, and J. S. Lee, "Size effects of WO3 nanocrystals for photooxidation of water in particulate suspension and photoelectrochemical film systems," International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 34, No. 8, pp. 3234-3242, 2009.
[105] D. T. Gillaspie, R. C. Tenent, and A. C. Dillon, "Metal-oxide films for electrochromic applications: present technology and future directions," Journal of Materials Chemistry, Vol. 20, No. 43, pp. 9585-9592, 2010.
[106] S. Lee, Y.W. Lee, D.-H. Kwak, M.-C. Kim, J.Y. Lee, D.-M. Kim, and K.W. Park, "Improved pseudocapacitive performance of well-defined WO3−x nanoplates," Ceramics International, Vol. 41, No. 3, Part B, pp. 4989-4995, 2015.
[107] V. Hariharan, M. Parthibavarman, and C. Sekar, "Synthesis of tungsten oxide (W18O49) nanosheets utilizing EDTA salt by microwave irradiation method," Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 509, No. 14, pp. 4788-4792, 2011.
[108] V. Dutta, S. Sharma, P. Raizada, V. K. Thakur, A. A. P. Khan, V. Saini, A. M. Asiri, and P. Singh, "An overview on WO3 based photocatalyst for environmental remediation," Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, Vol. 9, No. 1, p. 105018, 2021.
[109] S. S. Kalanur, I.H. Yoo, I.S. Cho, and H. Seo, "Effect of oxygen vacancies on the band edge properties of WO3 producing enhanced photocurrents," Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 296, pp. 517-527, 2019.
[110] Q. Li, S. Li, O. Ajouyed, C. Chen, Y. Zhou, C. Li, S. Niu, H. Yi, J. Huo, and S. Wang, "Room temperature plasma enriching oxygen vacancies of WO3 nanoflakes for photoelectrochemical water oxidation," Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 816, p. 152610, 2020.
[111] Q. Huang, L. Wang, M. Wang, and J. Nan, "Preparation, characterization and the electrogenerated chemiluminescence behavior of WO3 nanocrystals," Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 509, No. 41, pp. 9901-9905, 2011.
[112] K. Fujihara, S. Izumi, T. Ohno, and M. Matsumura, "Time-resolved photoluminescence of particulate TiO2 photocatalysts suspended in aqueous solutions," Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, Vol. 132, No. 1, pp. 99-104, 2000.
[113] J.J. Li, B. Weng, S.C. Cai, J. Chen, H.P. Jia, and Y.J. Xu, "Efficient promotion of charge transfer and separation in hydrogenated TiO2/WO3 with rich surface-oxygen-vacancies for photodecomposition of gaseous toluene," Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 342, pp. 661-669, 2018.
[114] Y. Li, Z. Tang, J. Zhang, and Z. Zhang, "Defect Engineering of Air-Treated WO3 and Its Enhanced Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalytic and Electrochemical Performance," The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 120, No. 18, pp. 9750-9763, 2016.
[115] Y. Zhao, S. Balasubramanyam, R. Sinha, R. Lavrijsen, M. A. Verheijen, A. A. Bol, and A. Bieberle-Hütter, "Physical and Chemical Defects in WO3 Thin Films and Their Impact on Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting," ACS Applied Energy Materials, Vol. 1, No. 11, pp. 5887-5895, 2018.
[116] L. Hao, K. Miyazawa, H. Yoshida, and Y. Lu, "Visible-light-driven oxygen vacancies and Ti3+ co-doped TiO2 coatings prepared by mechanical coating and carbon reduction," Materials Research Bulletin, Vol. 97, pp. 13-18, 2018.
[117] N. P.V and R. Gandhimathi, "Comparative Removal of Rhodamine B from Aqueous Solution by Electro-Fenton and Electro-Fenton-Like Processes," CLEAN - Soil Air Water, Vol. 42, 2014.
[118] S. Shuai, Y. Liu, C. Zhao, H. Zhu, Y. Li, K. Zhou, W. Ge, and J. Hao, "Improved synthesis of graphene oxide with controlled oxidation degree by using different dihydrogen phosphate as intercalators," Chemical Physics, Vol. 539, p. 110938, 2020.
[119] X. Gao, J. Jang, and S. Nagase, "Hydrazine and Thermal Reduction of Graphene Oxide: Reaction Mechanisms, Product Structures, and Reaction Design," The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 114, No. 2, pp. 832-842, 2010.
[120] Y. Gong, D. Li, Q. Fu, and C. Pan, "Influence of graphene microstructures on electrochemical performance for supercapacitors," Progress in Natural Science: Materials International, Vol. 25, No. 5, pp. 379-385, 2015.
[121] M. A. Nasiri, P. Sangpour, S. Yousefzadeh, and M. Bagheri, "Elevated temperature annealed α-Fe2O3/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite photoanode for photoelectrochemical water oxidation," Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, Vol. 7, No. 2, p. 102999, 2019.
[122] D. Krishnan, F. Kim, J. Luo, R. Cruz-Silva, L. J. Cote, H. D. Jang, and J. Huang, "Energetic graphene oxide: Challenges and opportunities," Nano Today, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 137-152, 2012.
[123] E. T. Sayed, H. Alawadhi, A. G. Olabi, A. Jamal, M. S. Almahdi, J. Khalid, and M. A. Abdelkareem, "Electrophoretic deposition of graphene oxide on carbon brush as bioanode for microbial fuel cell operated with real wastewater," International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 46, No. 8, pp. 5975-5983, 2021.
[124] Y. Wang, Y. Chen, S. D. Lacey, L. Xu, H. Xie, T. Li, V. A. Danner, and L. Hu, "Reduced graphene oxide film with record-high conductivity and mobility," Materials Today, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 186-192, 2018.
[125] Y.T. Wang, C.S. Chiou, S.Y. Chang, and H.W. Chen, "Enhancement of Electrical Properties by a Composite FePc/CNT/C Cathode in a Bio-Electro-Fenton Microbial Fuel Cell System," Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology, Vol. 20, pp. 3252-3257, 2020.
[126] B. O. Orimolade, B. N. Zwane, B. A. Koiki, M. Rivallin, M. Bechelany, N. Mabuba, G. Lesage, M. Cretin, and O. A. Arotiba, "Coupling cathodic electro-fenton with anodic photo-electrochemical oxidation: A feasibility study on the mineralization of paracetamol," Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, Vol. 8, No. 5, p. 104394, 2020.
[127] I. Sirés, J. A. Garrido, R. M. Rodríguez, E. Brillas, N. Oturan, and M. A. Oturan, "Catalytic behavior of the Fe3+/Fe2+ system in the Electro-Fenton degradation of the antimicrobial chlorophene," Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, Vol. 72, No. 3, pp. 382-394, 2007.
[128] S. D. Perera, R. G. Mariano, K. Vu, N. Nour, O. Seitz, Y. Chabal, and K. J. Balkus, "Hydrothermal Synthesis of Graphene-TiO2 Nanotube Composites with Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity," ACS Catalysis, Vol. 2, No. 6, pp. 949-956, 2012.
[129] J. Qin, M.h. Cao, N. Li, and C. Hu, "Graphene-wrapped WO3 nanoparticles with improved performances in electrical conductivity and gas sensing properties," Journal of Materials Chemistry, Vol. 21, pp. 17167-17174, 2011.
[130] B. Klahr, S. Gimenez, F. Fabregat-Santiago, T. Hamann, and J. Bisquert, "Water Oxidation at Hematite Photoelectrodes: The Role of Surface States," Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 134, No. 9, pp. 4294-4302, 2012.
[131] L. Bertoluzzi and J. Bisquert, "Equivalent circuit of electrons and holes in thin semiconductor films for photoelectrochemical water splitting applications," The journal of physical chemistry letters, Vol. 3, No. 17, pp. 2517-2522, 2012.
[132] B. Ahmed, A. K. Ojha, A. Singh, F. Hirsch, I. Fischer, D. Patrice, and A. Materny, "Well-controlled in-situ growth of 2D WO3 rectangular sheets on reduced graphene oxide with strong photocatalytic and antibacterial properties," Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 347, pp. 266-278, 2018.
[133] K. Pan, K. Shan, S. Wei, K. Li, J. Zhu, S. H. Siyal, and H.H. Wu, "Enhanced photocatalytic performance of WO3-x with oxygen vacancies via heterostructuring," Composites Communications, Vol. 16, pp. 106-110, 2019.
[134] Q. Li, B. Guo, J. Yu, J. Ran, B. Zhang, H. Yan, and J. R. Gong, "Highly Efficient Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production of CdS-Cluster-Decorated Graphene Nanosheets," Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 133, No. 28, pp. 10878-10884, 2011.
[135] J. Chu, D. Lu, X. Wang, X. Wang, and S. Xiong, "WO3 nanoflower coated with graphene nanosheet: Synergetic energy storage composite electrode for supercapacitor application," Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 702, pp. 568-572, 2017.
[136] P.G. Su and Y.L. Zheng, "Room-temperature ppb-level SO2 gas sensors based on RGO/WO3 and MWCNTs/WO3 nanocomposites," Analytical Methods, Vol. 13, No. 6, pp. 782-788, 2021.
[137] V. Galstyan, E. Comini, I. Kholmanov, G. Faglia, and G. Sberveglieri, "Reduced graphene oxide/ZnO nanocomposite for application in chemical gas sensors," RSC Advances, Vol. 6, No. 41, pp. 34225-34232, 2016.
[138] C. Yu, S. Dong, J. Zhao, X. Han, J. Wang, and J. Sun, "Preparation and characterization of sphere-shaped BiVO4/reduced graphene oxide photocatalyst for an augmented natural sunlight photocatalytic activity," Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 677, pp. 219-227, 2016.