本論文研究應用倒傳遞類神經網路於具太陽能發電之配電饋線電壓控制，提出利用不同輸入變數，推估太陽能智慧變流器之虛功率吸收變化量，達到電壓控制。本研究先使用MATLAB/Simulink所建立之兩種配電系統模型與牛頓法程式，結合六種逐時負載量與五種逐時太陽能發電量，執行經智慧變流器電壓-虛功率控制法調控前後之電力潮流，分析並比較其電壓分布及虛功率吸收量。取得負載量、發電量、電壓變化量及虛功率吸收變化量數據後，設定類神經網路輸入及輸出變數，以歸一化和實際值數據之不同組合進行數據訓練。再利用類神經網路推估各併網點匯流排應有之虛功率吸收情形，並提出相關建議，期望能提供實務運轉上之助益。

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the application of back-propagation neural network to voltage control of distribution feeders with photovoltaic generation. The method that the reactive power absorbed by a smart inverter of photovoltaic generation can be evaluated with different input variables is proposed in this thesis. And its objective is to achieve voltage control. In this study, we firstly established 2 types of distribution system. The respective programs are the Newton-Raphson Method program and Simulink model in the MATLAB. Secondly, we analyze and compare the voltage profile and reactive power absorbing amount before and after volt-var control of smart inverters. The power flows includes the combination of 6 kinds of 24-hr load and 5 kinds of 24-hr photovoltaic generation. Afterwards, we access the data of loads, photovoltaic generation, voltage variation and variation of reactive power absorbing amount. Then, we setup the input and output variables of the neural network and perform data learning with different combinations of normalized and actual data. Finally, we can evaluate reactive power absorbing amount of buses connected to photovoltaic generation with the neural network. We also propose some related suggestion with the novel method. It is expected to provide advantages for practical operation with using the novel approach.

[1] 經濟部能源局，「能源發展綱領」，2012。
[2] 國家發展委員會，「綠能政策目標未來規劃及執行現狀書面報告」，2016。
[3] 行政院新聞傳播處，「綠能屋頂全民參與」推動方案，2019，網址：https://www.ey.gov.tw/Page/5A8A0CB5B41DA11E/e9cb7d49-3982-4f9d-8cfe-8f7096df3acc
[4] 經濟部能源局，「太陽光電2年推動計畫」，2016。
[5] 周昱緯，「一次變電所電壓及虛功率控制」，碩士學位論文，國立臺灣科技大學，臺北市，2014。
[6] 柯喬元，「一次變電所電壓及虛功率控制靈敏度分析」，碩士學位論文，國立臺灣科技大學，臺北市，2010。
[7] 台灣電力股份有限公司，「配電技術手冊(四)地下配電線路設計」，1996。
[8] 胡竣翔，「配電饋線電壓控制方法及改善策略」，碩士學位論文，國立臺灣科技大學，臺北市，2015。
[9] 林勉海，「具太陽發電之二次變電所主變壓器轄區電壓控制」，碩士學位論文，國立臺灣科技大學，臺北市，2017。
[10] 趙天新，「智慧變流器應用於具太陽能發電之配電饋線電壓控制」，碩士學位論文，國立臺灣科技大學，臺北市，2019。
[11] 吳宸禾，「利用太陽能發電之智慧變流器於配電饋線電壓控制」，碩士學位論文，國立臺灣科技大學，臺北市，2020。
[12] H. R. Baghaee, M. Mirsalim, G. B. Gharehpetian, and H. A. Talebi, “Three-phase AC/DC power-flow for balanced/unbalanced microgrids including wind/solar, droop-controlled and electronically-coupled distributed energy resources using radial basis function neural networks,” IET Power Electron., vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 313-328, Mar. 2017.
[13] M. Surprenant, I. Hiskens and G. Venkataramanan, “Phase locked loop control of inverters in a microgrid,” in Proc. 2011 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, Phoenix, AZ, pp. 667-672, Sept. 2011.
[14] B. I. Rani, C.K. Aravind, G. S. Ilango, C. Nagamani, “A three phase PLL with a dynamic feed forward frequency estimator for synchronization of grid connected converters under wide frequency variations,” International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 63-70, Oct. 2012.
[15] D. Dong, B. Wen, D. Boroyevich, P. Mattavelli and Y. Xue, “Analysis of phase-locked loop low-frequency stability in three-phase grid-connected power converters considering impedance interactions,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 310-321, Jan. 2015.
[16] D. Jovcic, “Phase locked loop system for FACTS,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 1116-1124, Aug. 2003.
[17] 江龍生，「考慮風力發電機併網之配電饋線電壓控制研究」，碩士學位論文，國立臺灣科技大學，臺北市，2005。
[18] 郭芳楠，「分散型電源併入配電系統對饋線電壓變動之研究」，碩士學位論文，國立臺北科技大學，臺北市，2005。
[19] 崔文吉，「配電系統中考慮分散式電源併聯的電壓控制策略」，碩士學位論文，國立中山大學，高雄市，2007。
[20] 蘇品文，「具太陽能發電之配電饋線電壓控制」，碩士學位論文，國立臺灣科技大學，臺北市，2016。
[21] M. Watanabe, K. Matsuda, T. Futakami, K. Yamane, and R. Egashira, “Control method for voltage regulator based on estimated amount of photovoltaic generation power,” in Proc. 2012 China International Conference on Electricity Distribution, Shanghai, China, pp. 1-4, Sept. 2012.
[22] C. Long and L. F. Ochoa, “Voltage control of PV-rich LV networks: OLTC-fitted transformer and capacitor banks,” IEEE Trans. on Power Syst., vol. 31, no. 5, pp. 4016-4025, Nov. 2016.
[23] S. Kawano, S. Yoshizawa, Y. Fujimoto, and Y. Hayashi, “The basic study for development of a method for determining the LDC parameters of LRT and SVR using PV output forecasting,” in Proc. the 2015 IEEE Power & Energy Society Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT), Washington, DC, USA, pp. 1-5, Feb. 2015.
[24] S. Kawano, S. Yoshizawa, and Y. Hayashi, “Method for enumerating feasible LDC parameters for OLTC and SVR in distribution networks,” in Proc. the 2016 2nd International Conference on Intelligent Green Building and Smart Grid (IGBSG), Prague, Czech Republic, pp. 1-5, Jun. 2016.
[25] A. L. M. Mufaris, J. Baba, S. Yoshizawa, and Y. Hayashi, “Determination of dynamic line drop compensation parameters of voltage regulators for voltage rise mitigation,” in Proc. the 2015 International Conference on Clean Electrical Power (ICCEP), Taormina, Italy ,pp. 319-325, Jun. 2015.
[26] EPRI, “Common functions for smart inverters: 3rd edition,” Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Palo Alto, CA, USA, Technical Report, Feb. 2014.
[27] M. J. Reno, R. J. Broderick, and S. Grijalva, “Smart inverter capabilities for mitigating over-voltage on distribution systems with high penetrations of PV,” in Proc. the 2013 IEEE 39th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC), Tampa, FL, USA, pp. 3153-3158, Jun. 2013.
[28] J. W. Smith, W. Sunderman, R. Dugan, and B. Seal, “Smart inverter volt/var control functions for high penetration of PV on distribution systems,” in Proc. the 2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition, Phoenix, AZ, USA, pp. 1-6, Mar. 2011.
[29] A. M. Howlader, S. Sadoyama, L. R. Roose, S. Sepasi, “Distributed voltage regulation using volt-var controls of a smart PV inverter in a smart grid: An experimental study, Renewable Energy”, Honolulu, HI, USA, vol. 127, pp. 145-157, Dec. 2017.
[30] P. M. S. Carvalho, P. F. Correia and L. A. F. M. Ferreira, "Distributed reactive power generation control for voltage rise mitigation in distribution networks," IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 766-772, May. 2008.
[31] M. J. E. Alam, K. M. Muttaqi, and D. Sutanto, “A multi-mode control strategy for var support by solar PV inverters in distribution networks,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 1316-1326, May. 2015.
[32] M. Chamana and B. H. Chowdhury, “Impact of smart inverter control with PV systems on voltage regulators in active distribution networks,” in Proc. the 2014 11th Annual High Capacity Optical Networks and Emerging/Enabling Technologies (Photonics for Energy), Charlotte, NC, USA, pp. 115-119, Dec. 2014.
[33] R. Zafar and J. Ravishankar, “Coordinated control of step voltage regulator and D-STATCOM in the presence of distributed photovoltaic systems,” in Proc. the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Power System Technology (POWERCON), Wollongong, NSW, Australia, pp. 1-6, Oct. 2016.
[34] S. R. Abate, T. E. McDermott, M. Rylander, and J. Smith, “Smart inverter settings for improving distribution feeder performance,” in Proc. the 2015 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting, Denver, CO, USA, pp. 1-5, Jul. 2015.
[35] D. T. Rizy, H. Li, F. Li, Y. Xu, S. Adhikari, and P. Irminger, “Impacts of varying penetration of distributed resources with & without volt/var control: Case study of varying load types,” in Proc. the 2011 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, Detroit, MI, USA, pp. 1-7, Jul. 2011.
[36] 台灣電力股份有限公司，「配電技術手冊(二)地下配電線路設計」，1996。
[37] 台灣電力股份有限公司，再生能源發電效益，2021，網址：https://www.taipower.com.tw/tc/page.aspx?mid=204&cid=156&cchk=570dff8b-cd5b-43f6-8a98-6136b979635d。
[38] 經濟部能源局，能源供給與國內能源消費及能源供給（按自產與進口別），2019。
[39] 台灣電力股份有限公司，再生能源發電概況，歷年太陽光電累計裝置容量(民國97年至110年03月)，2021，網址：https://www.taipower.com.tw/tc/page.aspx?mid=204&cid=1582&cchk=5b8ce619-7ff5-40e9-9032-bdfd93d197d9。
[40] 經濟部能源局，「再生能源發展條例」，2021。
[41] IRENA Renewable Capacity Statistics 2021, 2021。
[42] IEA-PVPS Snapshot of Global PV Markets - 2021-V3, 2021。
[43] 經濟部能源局，太陽能發電裝置容量，2021，網址：https://www.moeaboe.gov.tw/wesnq/Views/B01/wFrmB0104.aspx。
[44] 台灣電力股份有限公司，「台灣電力股份有限公司再生能源發電系統併聯技術要點」，2021。
[45] 蘇勝一，「提高分散式電源併聯容量之饋線開關及電壓整合控制」，碩士學位論文，國立中山大學，高雄市，2009。
[46] 王耀諄，「電力系統品質」，新文京開發出版股份有限公司，2005。
[47] 羅欽煌，「工業配電」，全華圖書股份有限公司，2008。
[48] W. H. Kersting, “Distribution system modeling and analysis: 2nd edition,” CRC Press, 2006.
[49] 能源知識庫，再生能源併網政策研究與技術推動計畫，2016。
[50] Y. Xue and J. M. Guerrero, “Smart inverters for utility and industry applications,” in Proc. the PCIM Europe 2015; International Exhibition and Conference for Power Electronics, Intelligent Motion, Renewable Energy and Energy Management, Nuremberg, Germany, pp. 277-284, May. 2015.
[51] E. Demirok, D. Sera, R. Teodorescu, P. Rodriguez, and U. Borup, “Evaluation of the voltage support strategies for the low voltage grid connected PV generators,” in Proc. the 2010 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, Atlanta, GA, USA, pp. 710-717, Sept. 2010.
[52] 台灣電力股份有限公司，「SCADA區域調度運轉技術文件」，2005。
[53] 台灣電力股份有限公司，「電力系統運轉操作章則彙編」，2012。
[54] 台灣電力股份有限公司，「輸電系統規劃準則」，2019。
[55] 王進德、蕭大全，「類神經網路與模糊控制理論入門」，全華圖書股份有限公司，2007。
[56] 王閔賢，「分散型發電併網運轉對配電系統常用電壓控制方法衝擊與影響研究」，碩士學位論文，國立臺灣科技大學，臺北市，2006。
[57] Preprocessing Data 數據特徵標準化和歸一化，網址：https://medium.com/ai反斗城/preprocessing-data-數據特徵標準化和歸一化-9bd3e5a8f2fc
[58] [Day 15] Metrics / 評估指標 - Regression metrics，網址：https://ithelp.ithome.com.tw/articles/10216054