隨著現今5G的發展且行動裝置的數量日益劇增的情況下，使得網路的資料流量急遽增加，學者為了降低基地台 (Base station) 的負擔提出了裝置對裝置通訊 (Device-to-device Communication，D2D Communication)，讓同一基地台下的兩個設備能夠不必經由基地台就能夠直接進行通訊，以達到卸載 (Off Load) 的目的。
然而D2D通訊因為會與蜂巢系統 (Cellular System) 使用相同頻道 (Channel) ，所以會互相造成干擾，如何控制彼此的干擾就是一研究重點，而D2D在傳輸可分為一對一的單播 (Unicast) 系統及一對多的多播 (Multicast) 系統，多播系統能一次與多個接收端進行傳輸，比起單播系統能夠更充分的利用頻譜資源，但是一個群集 (Cluster) 為了確保群集裡面的接收端成員 (Member) 全部可以完全接受到資料，傳送端會根據群集裡面接收者中通道狀況最差的接收者去決定我們的傳輸資料速率，因此如何選擇Cluster中的member也是研究的重點之一。
本文研究了以分群 (Clustering) 技術來控制干擾並提升性能，經由研究結果分析並與其他經典分群演算法比較，提出的方法能夠增加Cluster與Cellular System的距離以減少來自Cellular System的干擾，使得整體的性能提升，本文也討論了在不同的參數和環境下對結果所產生的變化。

With the development of 5G and the increasing number of mobile devices, the data flow of the network has increased rapidly. In order to reduce the burden on the base station, scholars have proposed a device-to-device (D2D) communication, so that two devices under the same base station can communicate directly without going through the base station, so as to achieve the purpose of offloading.
However, D2D communication will interfere with each other because it uses the same channel as cellular system, so how to control each other's interference is a research focus, and D2D communication can be divided into one-to-one unicast system and one-to-many multicast system, multicast system can transmit to multiple receivers at a time, which can make more full use of spectrum resources than unicast system, but a cluster in order to ensure all members in the multicast cluster can fully receive the data, and the transmitter will determine our transmission data rate according to the receiver with the worst channel condition among the receivers in the cluster, so how to choose cluster and members are also one of the focuses.
This paper studies the use of clustering technology to control interference and improve performance. After analyzing the research results and comparing with other classical clustering algorithms, the proposed method can increase the distance between the cluster and cellular system, so that reducing the interference from cellular system can improve the overall performance. This paper also discusses the changes in the results under different parameters and environments.

Reference
[1] R. T. V and K. M, "A Survey on Device to Device Communications," 2022 International Conference for Advancement in Technology (ICONAT) , 2022, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/ICONAT53423.2022.9725869.
[2] Lingyang Song et al. Wireless device-to-device communications and networks. Cambridge University Press, 2015.
[3] Bhardwaj, Ajay, and Samar Agnihotri. "Multiple D2D multicasts in underlay cellular networks." arXiv preprint arXiv:1908.08866 (2019).
[4] R. O. Afolabi, A. Dadlani and K. Kim, "Multicast Scheduling and Resource Allocation Algorithms for OFDMA-Based Systems: A Survey," in IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 240-254, First Quarter 2013, doi: 10.1109/SURV.2012.013012.00074.
[5] 3GPP TS 36.101, “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) ; User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception (Release 12) ,” Tech. spec. V12.7.0, Mar. 2015.
[6] Hicham, Magri, Noreddine Abghour, and Mohammed Ouzzif. "Device-to-device (D2D) communication under LTE-advanced networks." International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks (IJWMN) Vol 8 (2016).
[7] X. Lin, R. Ratasuk, A. Ghosh, and J. G. Andrews, “Modeling, analysis, and optimization of multicast device-to-device transmissions,” IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 4346–4359, Aug. 2014.
[8] M. Nitti, G. Stelea, V. Popescu, and M. Fadda, “When social networks meet D2D communications: A survey,” Sensors, vol. 19, no. 2, p. 396, Jan. 2019.
[9] Y. Cao, T. Jiang, X. Chen, and J. Zhang, “Social-aware video multicast based on device-to-dvice communications,” IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput., vol. 15, no. 6, pp. 1528–1539, Jun. 2016.
[10] Jameel, Furqan, et al. "A survey of device-to-device communications: Research issues and challenges." IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials 20.3 (2018) : 2133-2168.
[11] A. Asadi, Q. Wang and V. Mancuso, "A Survey on Device-to-Device Communication in Cellular Networks," in IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 1801-1819, Fourthquarter 2014, doi: 10.1109/COMST.2014.2319555.
[12] F. Jameel, Z. Hamid, F. Jabeen, S. Zeadally and M. A. Javed, "A Survey of Device-to-Device Communications: Research Issues and Challenges," in IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 2133-2168, thirdquarter 2018, doi: 10.1109/COMST.2018.2828120.
[13] M. S. M. Gismalla et al., "Survey on Device to Device (D2D) Communication for 5GB/6G Networks: Concept, Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions," in IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 30792-30821, 2022, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3160215.
[14] W. Lee, M. Kim and D. Cho, "Deep Learning Based Transmit Power Control in Underlaid Device-to-Device Communication," in IEEE Systems Journal, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 2551-2554, Sept. 2019, doi: 10.1109/JSYST.2018.2870483.
[15] N. Lee, X. Lin, J. G. Andrews and R. W. Heath, "Power Control for D2D Underlaid Cellular Networks: Modeling, Algorithms, and Analysis," in IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 1-13, Jan. 2015, doi: 10.1109/JSAC.2014.2369612.
[16] Xiang, Wei, Kan Zheng, and Xuemin Sherman Shen, eds. 5G mobile communications. Springer, 2016.
[17] C.E. Shannon. “A Mathematical Theory of Communication”. In: Bell System Technical Journal 27 (1948), pp. 379–423, 626–656.
[18] F. Jiang, L. Zhang, C. Sun and Z. Yuan, "Clustering and resource allocation strategy for D2D multicast networks with machine learning approaches," in China Communications, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 196-211, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.23919/JCC.2021.01.017.
[19] M. Li, D. Meng, S. Gu, and S. Liu, “Research and improvement of DBSCAN cluster algorithm,” Proceedings - 2015 7th International Conference on Information Technology in Medicine and Education, ITME 2015, pp. 537–540, 2016
[20] I. Ioannou, C. Christophorou, V. Vassiliou and A. Pitsillides, "5G D2D Transmission Mode Selection Performance & Cluster Limits Evaluation of Distributed AI and ML Techniques," 2021 IEEE International Conference on Communication, Networks and Satellite (COMNETSAT), 2021, pp. 70-80, doi: 10.1109/COMNETSAT53002.2021.9530792.
[21] MacQueen, James. "Some methods for classification and analysis of multivariate observations." Proceedings of the fifth Berkeley symposium on mathematical statistics and probability. Vol. 1. No. 14. 1967.
[22] U. Uyoata, M. Dlodlo and J. Mwangama, "Robust Multicast Device-to-Device Communication," 2018 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Networks and Telecommunications Systems (ANTS), 2018, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/ANTS.2018.8710155.
[23] Geng, Yangli-ao, et al. "RECOME: A new density-based clustering algorithm using relative KNN kernel density." Information Sciences 436 (2020) 13-30
[24] Altman, N. S. An introduction to kernel and nearest-neighbor nonparametric regression. The American Statistician. 1992, 46 (3): 175-185. doi:10.1080/00031305.1992.10475879.
[25] M. Elnourani, S. Deshmukh and B. Beferull-Lozano, "Distributed Resource Allocation in Underlay Multicast D2D Communications," in IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 69, no. 5, pp. 3409-3422, May 2021, doi: 10.1109/TCOMM.2021.3058374
[26] M. Elnourani, S. Deshmukh and B. Beferull-Lozano, "Reliable Multicast D2D Communication Over Multiple Channels in Underlay Cellular Networks," 2020 IEEE 31st Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, 2020, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/PIMRC48278.2020.9217293.
[27] M. Hmila, M. Fernández-Veiga, M. Rodríguez-Pérez and S. Herrería-Alonso, "Energy Efficient Power and Channel Allocation in Underlay Device to Multi Device Communications," in IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 67, no. 8, pp. 5817-5832, Aug. 2019, doi: 10.1109/TCOMM.2019.2915227.
[28] Werner Dinkelbach. “On Nonlinear Fractional Programming”. In: Management Science 13.7 (Mar. 1967), pp. 492–498. issn: 0025-1909. doi: 10.1287/mnsc.13. 7.492.