以改良式旋轉填充床反應器探討臭氧化在水溶液之質傳及二氯酚臭氧化之研究

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研究生：	吳佳盈 Chia-Ying Wu
論文名稱：	以改良式旋轉填充床反應器探討臭氧化在水溶液之質傳及二氯酚臭氧化之研究 Study on the Mass Transfer of Ozone and the Ozonation of 2-Chlorophenol in Aqueous Solution with a Modified Rotating Packed Bed Reactor
指導教授：	顧洋 Young Ku
口試委員:	劉志成 Jhy-Chern Liu 蔣本基 Pen-Chi Chiang 曾迪華 Dyi-Hwa Tseng
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	工程學院 - 化學工程系 Department of Chemical Engineering
論文出版年：	2010
畢業學年度：	98
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	142
中文關鍵詞：	旋轉填充床、質傳、臭氧、能耗
外文關鍵詞：	Rotating packed bed, mass transfer, ozone, energy consumption
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摘要

旋轉填充床是以離心的方式產生高重力場，藉此產生極大的剪切力使液膜變薄及液滴變小，以增加氣液接觸面積進而提升質傳效率及反應。由於此類反應器幾乎皆需利用馬逹帶動轉速產生離力心來取代自然重力，故轉速愈高其質傳效率。然而，能耗主要在馬逹帶動轉盤轉速所承載的重量，故隨著轉速提高，其消耗的能量也隨之提升。其能耗主要在轉子的重量，而在金屬轉子材質強化中，勢必使設轉子體積增大，使得轉子存在重量與強度的矛盾。如何設計滿足輕型化且具有強度為主要目的。故本研究的改良式逆向式旋轉填充床主要將帶動轉盤轉速所承載的重量降低，故將填充床分為下轉上不轉的雙同心多孔反應器，而其雙同心圓置放高接觸表面積之填充物，期望減少能耗並提升其反應效率；採用有機玻璃加工旋轉填料床外殼，以便觀察及加工。所以，本研究在改良式旋轉填充床以處理低濃度之二氯酚水溶液臭氧化程序在不同pH溶液值，了解其改良式反應器的反應去除及礦化效率之影響。
實驗結果顯示藉由減少轉子承載的重量及高接觸表面積之填充物，在改良式旋轉填充床，與先前文獻相較，改良式旋轉填充床可在較低負載重量下有效提升有機物的去除率，且此改良式旋轉填充床明顯減少能耗(66.4%)，逹到同時節能及強化的效果。而其液相體積質傳係數隨轉速的0.29次方成正比，且與液體流量增加(L0.38)而增加。液體流量的增加，大幅提升對污染物的處理效率亦縮短反應時間，且在高pH條件下，其去除速率相較於低pH快約十倍，主因為水溶液pH值提高會促進液相臭氧自解及污染物的解離成離子態，有利於污染物的去除;適量的過氧化氫可促進臭氧生成氫氧自由基提升氧化速率而過量的過氧化氫會捕捉氫氧自由基抑制反應。

關鍵字: 旋轉填充床、質傳、臭氧、能耗

Abstract

This study is focused on innovating rotating packed bed contactor (RPB), enhances the mass transfer and energy-saving efficiency. In conventional RPBs, the mass transfer coefficient is enhanced by centrifugal acceleration produced from motor, wasting energy at higher rotation. There is need to consider the energy-saving or high removal efficiency on the new design of RPB. However, the most energy consumption in RPB device is in the rotor by rotation that loading packing should be reduced as possible. Therefore, the main design is to modify the RPB by reducing the loading of packing with double centric baffles contains wire mesh in the lower rotating side to decrease the weight of rotor by rotation for energy saving, while the upper side of baffle was immobilized on the plate to enhance the gas-liquid contact surface area and shear force for improve mass transfer efficiency; the cover of modified RPB is made of borosilicate glass for easy observation.
Experiments studied the 2-CP is used in aqueous solution as pollutant by ozonation in modified RPB. The removal efficiency in modified RPB was almost fast than traditional RPB and the energy consumption was reduced 66.4% that the modified RPB combine energy saving and strong mass transfer advantages. Besides, the volumetric mass transfer coefficient was increased with increasing rotor speed (ω0.29) and liquid flow rate (L0.38), the decomposition rate was ten times in alkaline solution than in acidic solution because of the ozone self-decomposition with base-catalyzed decomposition and species distribution in liquid phase.

Key words: Rotating packed bed, mass transfer, ozone, energy consumption

Table of Contents
Chinese Abstract…………………………………………………………………………….I
English Abstract……………………………………………………………………………III
Acnowledgmentt……………………………………………………………………………V
Table of Contents	VII
List of Figures	X
List of Tables	XIV
Chapter 1 Introduction	1
Chapter 2 Literature Review	3
2.1 Decomposition 2-Chlorophenol by Ozone-Related Process	3
2.1.1 Chlorophenols	4
2.1.2 Ozonation Pathway	6
2.1.3 Mass Transfer of Ozone in Solution	8
2.1.4 Ozone-Related Processes	10
2.2 Rotating Packed Beds	15
2.2.1 Principle and Conformation of Rotating Packed Beds	15
2.2.2 Characteristics of Rotating Packed Beds	19
2.2.3 Operation of Rotating Packed Beds	24
2.2.4 Design on Rotating Packed Beds	31
2.2.5 Energy Consumption	40
2.3	Applications of Rotating Packed Bed	40
2.3.1 Distillation	41
2.3.2 Absorption and Stripping	41
2.3.3 Ozone Oxidation	42
2.3.4 Synthesis	43
2.3.5 Others	44
Chapter 3 Experiment and Equipment	46
3.1 Measurements and Instruments	46
3.2 Chemicals	47
3.3 Reactor Design Concept	48
3.4 Apparatus	49
3.5 Experimental Procedures	54
3.5.1 Mass Transfer Behaviors of Ozone	54
3.5.2 Reaction System	55
3.6 Experimental Framework	58
3.7 Analysis Methods	62
3.8 Kinetic Model	65
Chapter 4 Results and Discussion	69
4.1 Ozone Transfer Behavior of Ozone in the Modified Rotating Packed Bed Reactor	69
4.1.1 Effect of Rotor Speed	69
4.1.2 Effect of Gas/Liquid Flow Rate Ratio	72
4.1.3 Effect of Gaseous Ozone Dosage	75
4.1.4 Effect of Solution pH	77
4.2	Decomposition of 2-Chlorophenol in Aqueous Solution by the O3-related Process in the Modified Rotating Packed Bed Reactor in Acidic Conditions	79
4.2.1 Background Experiment of 2-Chlorophenol	79
4.2.2 Effect of Rotor Speed	81
4.2.3 Effect of Gas/Liquid Flow Rate Ratio	83
4.2.4 Effect of Gaeous Ozone Dosage	86
4.2.5 Effect of H2O2 Molar Concentration	88
4.2.6 Comparison of Previous Study using Different Reactor of Rotating Packed Beds	91
4.3 Decomposition of 2-Chlorophenol in Aqueous Solution by the O3 Process in the Modified Rotating Packed Bed Reactor at Alkaline Conditions	96
4.3.1 Effect of Rotor Speed	96
4.3.2 Effect of G/L Ratio	99
4.3.3 Effect of Gaseous Ozone Dosage	101
4.3.4 Effect of H2O2 Molar Concentration	104
Chapter 5 Conclusions and Recommendations	108
5.1 Conclusions	108
5.2 Recommendations	110
Nomenclature	111
References	114
Appendix	121
Vita	126
List of Figures
Figure 2.1 Ozonation pathway	6
Figure 2.2 Gas-liquid mass-transfer profile	8
Figure 2.3 The mechanism of ozone/UV process	12
Figure 2.4 General scheme of reactions for ozonation of CPs in an aqueous solution, including the effect of radiation and H2O2, in case they are employed	14
Figure 2.5 Counter flow rotating packed bed……………………………………………...19
Figure 2.6 Cross flow rotating packed bed	19
Figure 2.7 Liquid distribution analysis	20
Figure 2.8 Three types of liquid flow within a rotating packed bed	22
Figure 2.9 Schematic diagram of helical rotation bed	36
Figure 2.10 The random (left) and structure packing (right)	37
Figure 2.11 Schematic diagram of typical rotation packing bed with a concentric waveform disk	37
Figure 2.12 Schematic diagram of typical rotation packing bed with a split packing	38
Figure 2.13 Schematic diagram of rotating packed bed with fin baffle packing	38
Figure 2.14 Schematic diagram of a multi-staged spraying rotation bed	39
Figure 2.15 Schematic diagram of the rotor of the rotating zigzag bed (Left-side); Structure of rotational and stationary baffles (Right-side)	39
Figure 3.1 Recirculation rotating packed bed reactor system	52
Figure 3.2 Details of rotating packed bed reactor	53
Figure 3.3 The images of immobilized disc (left) and rotating disc (right) in modified RPB	53
Figure 3.4 Flow chart of the overall procedure	59
Figure 3.5 The calibration of 2-chlorophenol by HPLC	63
Figure 3.6 The peak of 2-chlorophenol display by HPLC	63
Figure 3.7 The standard calibration line of total organic carbon by TOC	64
Figure 4.1 Effect of rotor speed on dissolved ozone concentration in acidic solution in modified RPB	71
Figure 4.2 Effect of rotor speed on overall mass transfer coefficient in acidic solution in modified RPB	71
Figure 4.3 Effect of G/L flow rate ratio (Liquid) on dissolved ozone concentration in acidic solution	74
Figure 4.4 Effect of G/L flow rate ratio on overall mass transfer coefficient in acidic solution	74
Figure 4.5 Effect of gaseous ozone dosage on dissolved ozone concentration in acidic solution	76
Figure 4.6 Effect of gaseous ozone dosage on overall mass transfer coefficient in acidic solution	76
Figure 4.7 Effect of solution pH on dissolved ozone concentration	78
Figure 4.8 Decomposition of 2-CP in different solution pH by aeration and adsorption in the modified RPB	80
Figure 4.9 Decomposition of 2-CP in different solution pH by H2O2 in the modified RPB	80
Figure 4.10 Effect of rotor speed on the decomposition of 2-CP in acidic solution by ozonation in the modified RPB	82
Figure 4.11 Effect of rotor speed on mineralization of 2-CP in acidic solution by ozonation in the modified RPB	83
Figure 4.12 Effect of G/L ratio on the decomposition of 2-CP in acidic solution by ozonation in the modified RPB	85

Figure 4.13 Effect of G/L ratio on the mineralization of 2-CP in acidic solution by ozonation in the modified RPB	85
Figure 4.14 Effect of gaseous ozone dosage on the decomposition of 2-CP in acidic solution by ozonation in the modified RPB	87
Figure 4.15 Effect of gaseous ozone dosage on the mineralization of 2-CP in acidic solution by ozonation in the modified RPB	87
Figure 4.16. Effect of H2O2 molar concentration on the decomposition of 2-CP in acidic solution by H2O2/O3 process in the modified RPB	89
Figure 4.17 Effect of H2O2 molar concentration (10-6 mol)) on the mineralization of 2-CP in acidic solution by H2O2/O3 process in the modified RPB	90
Figure 4.18 The simulate contact process of gas and liquid in RPB	95
Figure 4.19 Effect of rotor speed on the decomposition of 2-CP in alkaline solution by ozonation in the modified RPB	98
Figure 4.20 Effect of rotor speed on the mineralization of 2-CP in alkaline solution by ozonation in the modified RPB	98
Figure 4.21 Effect of G/L ratio on the decomposition of 2-CP in alkaline solution by ozonation in the modified RPB	100
Figure 4.22 Effect of G/L ratio on the mineralization of 2-CP in alkaline solution by ozonation in the modified RPB	101
Figure 4.23 Effect of gaseous ozone dosage on the decomposition 2-CP in alkaline solution by ozonation in the modified RPB	103
Figure 4.24 Effect of gaseous ozone dosage on the mineralization of 2-CP in alkaline solution by ozonation in the modified RPB	103
Figure 4.25 Effect of H2O2 molar concentration on the decomposition of 2-CP in acidic solution by H2O2/O3 process in the modified RPB	106
Figure 4.26 Effect of H2O2 molar concentration on the mineralization of 2-CP in alkaline solution by H2O2/O3 process in the modified RPB	106
FigureA-1 Effect of rotor speed on chloride ion concentration in acidic solution by ozonation in the modified RPB	121
FigureA-2 Effect of G/L flow ratio on chloride ion concentration in acidic solution by ozonation in the modified RPB	121
FigureA-3 Effect of gaseous ozone dosage on chloride ion concentration in acidic solution by ozonation in the modified RPB	122
FigureA-4 Effect ofH2O2 molar concentration on chloride ion concentration in acidic solution by ozonation in the modified RPB	122
FigureA-5 Effect of rotor speed on chloride ion concentration in alkaline solution by ozonation in the modified RPB	123
FigureA-6 Effect of G/L flow ratio on chloride ion concentration in alkaline solution by ozonation in the modified RPB	123
FigureA-7 Effect of gaseous ozone dosage on chloride ion concentration in alkaline solution by ozonation in the modified RPB	124
FigureA-8 Effect of H2O2 molar concentration on chloride ion concentration in alkaline solution by ozonation in the modified RPB	124
List of Tables
Table 2.1 Standard reaction potentials of some oxidants	5
Table 2.2 Physical and chemical properties of ozone	5
Table 2.3. Equilibrium constant	14
Table 2.4 Comparison between the conventional packed bed and rotating packed bed	18
Table 2.5 Paper review for effect of rotor speed on the ozone process in the rotating packed bed reactor	28
Table 3.1 Operation conditions of ozone mass transfer in the modified RPB	60
Table 3.2 Operation conditions of background experiments in the modified RPB	60
Table 3.3 Operation conditions of 2-chloropheonl/ozone process reaction in acidic solution in the modified RPB	60
Table 3.4 Operation conditions of 2-chloropheonl/ozone process reaction in alkaline solution in the modified RPB	61
Table 3.5 Operation conditions of 2-chloropheonl by ozone/H2O2 process reaction in the modified RPB	61
Table 3.6 Operation conditions of 2-chloropheonl by ozone mass transfer in the RPB with Lin (2002) experiment	61
Table 3.7 Operation conditions of 2-chloropheonl by ozone process reaction in the RPB with Lin (2002) experiment	61
Table 3.8 The operation conditions of standard 2-chlorophenol solution by HPLC	62
Table 4.1 Effect of rotor speed on overall mass transfer coefficient in acidic solution	70
Table 4.2 Effect of gas flow rate on overall mass transfer coefficient in acidic solution	73
Table 4.3 Effect of liquid flow rate on overall mass transfer coefficient in acidic solution..	73
Table 4.4 Effect of gaseous ozone dosage on overall mass transfer coefficient in acidic solution	75
Table 4.5 Effect of rotor speeds on the decomposition and mineralization rate constants of 2-CP in acidic solution by ozonation in the modified RPB	82
Table 4.6 Effect of G/L flow rate on the decomposition and mineralization rate constants of 2-CP in acidic solution by ozonation in the modified RPB	84
Table 4.7 Effect of gaseous ozone dosage on the decomposition and mineralization rate constants of 2-CP in acidic solution by ozonation in the modified RPB……...86
Table 4.8 Effect of H2O2 molar concentration on the decomposition and mineralization rate constants of 2-CP in acidic solution by H2O2/O3 process in the modified RPB.	90
Table 4.9 The details of radius and weight in rotor in RPBs	92
Table 4.10 Effect of rotor speed on the pseudo-first-order decomposition and mineralization rate constants of 2-CP in aqueous solution by ozonation in RPB	94
Table 4.11 Effect of G/L flow rate ratio on the pseudo-first-order decomposition and mineralization rate constants of 2-CP in aqueous solution by ozonation in RPB	94
Table 4.12 Effect of rotor speed on the decomposition and mineralization rate constants of 2-CP in alkaline solution by ozonation in the modified RPB	97
Table 4.13 Effect of G/L ratio on the decomposition and mineralization rate constants of 2-CP in alkaline solution by ozonation in the modified RPB	100
Table 4.14 Effect of gaseous ozone dosage on the decomposition and mineralization rate constants of 2-CP in alkaline solution by ozonation in the modified RPB	102
Table 4.15 Effect of H2O2 molar concentration on the decomposition and mineralization rate constants of 2-CP in alkaline solution by H2O2/O3 process in the modified RPB	107
TableA-1 Effect of gaseous ozone dosages on the pseudo-first-order decomposition and mineralization rate constants for 2-CP in aqueous solution by ozonation in RPB	125

                                

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