社群媒體的發達，促進了人與人之間的連結，但形形色色的成就與榮譽訊息增加了人們的社會比較機會，同時帶來了心理疾病的隱憂，可能導致人們的自尊下降，使個體產生對自我的負面看法。本研究透過探討不同的自我建構模式，在歷經社會比較訊息後對個體自尊的影響；以及將謙遜作為調節變數，探討人格特質是否能對比較訊息產生調節作用。研究一中，我們證實自我建構將影響個體的自尊水平，相依自我會因為在意他人的眼光而產生較低的自尊水平，同時驗證社群媒體上的向下比較訊息有助於提升個體自尊，而與個體生活背景相差懸殊的向上比較訊息則不會產生自尊變化，代表個體並不會將自己與之比較。研究二中，我們針對向上比較的訊息進行調整，發現比起單純的成就展示，邁向成功的心路歷程更容易激起社會比較，而相依自我在向上比較的過程中會因為同化作用提升自尊。另外，無論是獨立自我或相依自我，兩種自我建構傾向在經過謙遜調節後，個體自尊都有所上升，顯示保持謙遜能有助於人們透過縮小自我的成就、避免過度尋求他人的認可，從更客觀的角度去欣賞他人的優點，加以吸收並達到自我改進。

The development of social media has increased the opportunities that let people keep in touch with others, but at the same time it has brought about the potential worries of mental illness - all kinds of achievements and honor messages have increased people's social comparison opportunities, which may lead to a decline in people's self-esteem, making people have a negative view about themselves. This study explored the impact of different self-construal on individual self-esteem after going through social comparison messages and using modesty as a moderating variable to explore whether personality traits can have a moderating effect on comparison messages.
In Study 1, we confirmed that self-construal will affect the individual’s self-esteem level, and interdependent self will produce lower self-esteem level because of caring about others’ opinion; at the same time we verify the downward comparison message on social media helps individuals improve their self-esteem, while an upward comparison message that differs greatly from the individual’s life background will not make the change in self-esteem, meaning that the individuals won’t compare themselves to it.
In study 2, we adjusted the information of the upward comparison and found that the mental journey towards success is more likely to evoke social comparison than only displaying personal achievement; the interdependent self will enhance self-esteem during the upward comparison due to assimilation effect. Besides, regardless of whether it is an independent self or an interdependent self, the self-esteem level has increased after being manipulating about modesty, showing that maintaining modesty can help people to narrow down their achievements, avoid excessively seeking the attention of others and appreciate the merits of others from a more objective perspective, letting individuals absorb others’ strengthens and achieve self-improvement.

Borba, Michele (1989), Esteem Builders: A K-8 Self-Esteem Curriculum for Improving Student Achievement, Behavior, and School Climate, Jalmar Press.
Brown, Jonathan D. and Margaret A. Marshall (2006), "The Three Faces of Self-Esteem," in Self-Esteem Issues and Answers: A Sourcebook of Current Perspective, Psychology Press.
Brown, Zoe and Marika Tiggemann (2016), "Attractive Celebrity and Peer Images on Instagram: Effect on Women's Mood and Body Image," Body Image, 19 (19), 37-43.
Cai, Huajian, Jonathon D. Brown, Ciping Deng, and Mark A. Oakes (2007), "Self‐Esteem and Culture: Differences in Cognitive Self‐Evaluations or Affective Self‐Regard?," Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 10 (3), 162-70.
Chen, Sylvia Xiaohua, Michael Harris Bond, Bacon Chan, Donghui Tang, and Emma Ellen Kathrina Buchtel (2009), "Behavioral Manifestations of Modesty," Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology, 40 (4), 603-26.
Cheng, Rebecca Wing-yi and Shui-fong Lam (2007), "Self-Construal and Social Comparison Effects," British Journal of Educational Psychology, 77 (1), 197-211.
Cialdini, Robert B., Richard J. Borden, Avril Thorne, Marcus Randall Walker, Stephen Freeman, and Lloyd Reynolds Sloan (1976), "Basking in Reflected Glory: Three (Football) Field Studies," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34 (3), 366-75.
Cialdini, Robert B. and Maralou E. de Nicholas (1989), "Self-Presentation by Association," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57 (4), 626-31.
Collins, Rebecca L. (1996), "For Better or Worse: The Impact of Upward Social Comparison on Self-Evaluations," Psychological Bulletin, 119 (1), 51-69.
Cooley, Charles Horton (1902), Human Nature and The Social Order.
Cross, Susan E., Erin E. Hardin, and Berna Gercek-Swing (2011), "The What, How, Why, and Where of Self-Construal," Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15 (2), 142-79.
Deci, Edward L. and Richard M. Ryan (1995), Human Autonomy: The Basis for True Self-Esteem, Springer.
Dempsey, Abigail E., Kelsey D. O'Brien, Mojisola F. Tiamiyu, and Jon D. Elhai (2019), "Fear of Missing Out (Fomo) and Rumination Mediate Relations between Social Anxiety and Problematic Facebook Use," Addictive Behaviors Reports, 9.
Ferris, D. Lance, Huiwen Lian, Douglas J. Brown, Fiona X. J. Pang, and Lisa M. Keeping (2010), "Self-Esteem and Job Performance: The Moderating Role Of Self-Esteem Contingencies," Personnel Psychology, 63 (3), 561-93.
Festinger, Leon (1954), "A Theory of Social Comparison Processes," Human Relations, 7 (2), 117-40.
Fiske, Susan T. (2010), "Envy Up, Scorn Down: How Comparison Divides Us," American Psychologist, 65 (8), 698-706.
Gardner, Wendi L., Shira Gabriel, and Laura Hochschild (2002), "When You and I Are "We," You Are Not Threatening: The Role of Self-Expansion in Social Comparison," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82 (2), 239-51.
Greenwald, Anthony G. and Mahzarin R. Banaji (1995), "Implicit Social Cognition: Attitudes, Self-Esteem, and Stereotypes," Psychological Review, 102 (1), 4-27.
Greenwald, Anthony G. and Anthony R. Pratkanis (1984), "The self," social cognition, Vol 3. Mahwah, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Guyer, Joshua and Thomas Vaughan-Johnston (2018), Upward and Downward Social Comparisons: A Brief Historical Overview
Hareli, Shlomo and Bernard Weiner (2000), "Accounts for Success as Determinants of Perceived Arrogance and Modesty," Motivation and Emotion, 24, 215-36.
Higgins, E. Tory (1998), "Promotion and Prevention: Regulatory Focus as A Motivational Principle," Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 30, 1-46.
Hofstede, Geert H. (2001), Culture' s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations Across Nations, Sage Publications.
James, William (1892), Psychology: The Briefer Course.
Kemmelmeier, Markus and Daphna Oyserman (2001), "The Ups and Downs of Thinking About a Successful Other: Self Construals and the Consequences of Social Comparisons," European Journal of Social Psychology, 31 (3), 311-20.
Kernis, Michael H. (2005), "Measuring Self‐Esteem in Context: The Importance of Stability of Self‐Esteem in Psychological Functioning," Journal of Personality, 73 (6), 1569-605.
Lin, Ying-Ching & Chang, Angela & Lin, Yu-Fang. (2012). "Self-Construal and Regulatory Focus Influences on Persuasion: The Moderating Role of Perceived Risk," Journal of Business Research, 65 (8), 1152-59.
Lup, Katerina, Leora Trub, and Lisa Rosenthal (2015), "Instagram #Instasad?: Exploring Associations Among Instagram Use, Depressive Symptoms, Negative Social Comparison, and Strangers Followed," Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking, 18 (5), 247-52.
Markus, Hazel Rose and Shinobu Kitayama (1991), "Culture and The Self: Implications for Cognition, Emotion, and Motivation," Psychological Review, 98 (2), 224-53.
Oyserman, Daphna, Kristen Elmore, and George Smith (2012), "Self, Self-Concept, and Identity," Handbook of Self and Identity, 2, 69-104
Ozimek, Phillip and Jens Frster (2017), "The Impact of Self-Regulatory States and Traits on Facebook Use," Computers in Human Behavior, 71, 418-27.
Pearsall, Judy, Patrick Hanks, Catherine Soanes, and Angus Stevenson (2010), Oxford Dictionary of English.
Pierce, Jon L. and Donald G. Gardner (2004), "Self-Esteem Within the Work and Organizational Context: A Review of the Organization-Based Self-Esteem Literature," Journal of Management, 30 (5), 591-622.
Rosenberg, M. (1965), The Measurement of Self-Esteem, Society and The Adolescent Self-Image.
Schmitt, David P. and Jüri Allik (2005), "Simultaneous Administration of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale in 53 Nations: Exploring the Universal and Culture-Specific Features of Global Self-Esteem," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89 (4), 623-42.
Sedikides, Constantine, Aiden Gregg, and Claire Hart (2008), "The Importance of Being Modest," The Self: Frontiers in Social Psychology, 163-84.
Singelis, Theodore M. (1994), "The Measurement of Independent and Interdependent Self-Construals," Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20 (5), 580-91.
Snyder, C. R., MaryAnne Lassegard, and Carol E. Ford (1986), "Distancing after Group Success and Failure: Basking in Reflected Glory and Cutting off Reflected Failure," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51 (2), 382-88.
Solomon, M.R. (2017), Consumer Behavior: Buying, Having, and Being (Global Edition), Pearson Education Limited.
Stajkovic, Alex and Fred Luthans (1998), "Self-Efficacy and Work-Related Performance: A Meta-Analysis," Psychological Bulletin, 124, 240-61.
Stapel, Diederik A. and Hart Blanton (2004), "From Seeing to Being: Subliminal Social Comparisons Affect Implicit and Explicit Self-Evaluations," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87 (4), 468-81.
Stapel, Diederik A. and Willem Koomen (2001), "I, We, and The Effects of Others on Me: How Self-Construal Level Moderates Social Comparison Effects," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80 (5), 766-81.
Stryker, Sheldon and Richard T. Serpe (1982), Commitment, Identity Salience, and Role Behavior: Theory and Research Example, Springer.
Tetlock, Philip E. (1979), "Identifying Victims of Groupthink from Public Statements of Decision Makers," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37 (8), 1314-24.
Triandis, Harry C. (1972), The Analysis of Subjective Culture, Wiley-Interscience.
Triandis, Harry C. (1989), "The Self and Social Behavior in Differing Cultural Contexts," Psychological Review, 96 (3), 506-20.
Uhlir, Janet L. (2016), "Social Comparison and Self-Presentation on Social Media as Predictors of Depressive Symptoms," Scripps Senior Theses, 756.
Utz, Sonja (2004), "Self-Construal and Cooperation: Is The Interdependent Self More Cooperative Than The Independent Self?," Self and Identity, 3 (3), 177-90.
Valenzuela, Sebastián, Namsu Park, and Kerk F. Kee (2009), "Is There Social Capital in a Social Network Site?: Facebook Use and College Students' Life Satisfaction, Trust, and Participation," Journal of Computer Mediated Communication, 14 (4), 875-901.
Vogel, Erin A., Jason P. Rose, Lindsay R. Roberts, and Katheryn Eckles (2014), "Social Comparison, Social Media, and Self-Esteem," Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 3 (4), 206-22.
Wang, Rui, Brian Michael Hempton, John P. Dugan, and Susan R. Michael Komives (2008), "Cultural Differences: Why Do Asians Avoid Extreme Responses?," Survey Practice, 1 (3), 1-7.
Wang, Yan and Ling Wang (2016), "Self-Construal and Creativity: The Moderator Effect of Self-Esteem," Personality and Individual Differences, 99, 184-89.
Wayment, Heidi A. and Shelley E. Taylor (1995), "Self-Evaluation Processes: Motives, Information Use, and Self-Esteem," Journal of Personality, 63 (4), 729-57.
Weiten, Wayne, Dana S. Dunn, and Elizabeth Yost Hammer (1999), Psychology Applied to Modern Life: Adjustment in The 21st Century, Cengage Learning.
Wheeler, Ladd and Kunitate Miyake (1992), "Social Comparison in Everyday Life," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62 (5), 760-73.
Wiekens, Carina J. and Diederik A. Stapel (2008), "The Mirror and I: When Private Opinions Are In Conflict With Public Norms," Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44 (4), 1160-66.
Zhang, Liqing (2009), "An Exchange Theory of Money and Self-Esteem in Decision Making," Review of General Psychology, 13 (1), 66-76.
Zheng, Chuhua and Yanhong Wu (2020), "The More Modest You are, the Happier You are: The Mediating Roles of Emotional Intelligence and Self-esteem," Journal of Happiness Studies, 21 (5), 1603-15.
王裕豪，袁慶華，袁美琴 (2008)。自我建構量表(SCS)中文版的初步試用，中國臨床心理學雜誌，(6)，602-604。
鄭伊真 (2011)。Rosenberg自尊量表中文版的修訂分析，碩士論文。