本研究主要的目的是在探討活性碳在不同操作條件下對於水中磷酸鹽吸附之能力。首先分析活性碳的基本物理性質，包括大孔(>50nm)，中孔(2nm~50nm)，微孔孔洞(<2nm)分析，比表面積(BET)，等電位點 (pHzpc)以及粒徑分布。
接下來利用活性碳當作吸附劑，在不同酸鹼值pH值，觀察活性碳個別吸附磷及氟的效果。然後在不同溫度以及不同離子強度中探討去除水中磷酸鹽及動力學模式，接著加入氟觀察其對水中在不同酸鹼值時磷酸鹽和氟的吸附狀況，並且利用鐵對於活性碳進行改質，觀察其對水中磷酸鹽吸附能力以及加入氟再進行觀察是否影響磷酸鹽的吸附及此時服被吸附的情形，最後改變溫度探討改質後活性碳的除磷效果。
從結果得知此吸附行為適用二階動力模式，而酸鹼值在4到8之間，對於活性碳吸附磷影響不大，然而酸鹼值在6時，活性碳除氟效果最佳，然而隨著酸鹼值的增加，其除氟效果跟著減少。增強離子強度會降低活性碳的吸附磷能力，增加水中溫度對活性碳吸附量會有效的增加，所以磷酸吸附屬於吸熱反應。而在增加水中氟的濃度，會對活性碳除磷有負面影響，然而隨著酸鹼值的增加，其氟的影響逐漸減少，此三種不同的除磷狀況下皆適用Langmuir恆溫單層吸附模式。
利用鐵改質活性碳會大幅度提升對於磷的吸附能力，且其吸附量受到水中酸鹼值增加而明顯的降低，而加入氟時，對改質活性碳吸附磷能力沒有明顯影響。而改質後或性碳會隨著溫度的提高而提高除磷的效果，此時吸附行為皆適用Langmuir恆溫單層吸附模式。

The physical characteristics of activated carbon were determined, including pHzpc, micro pore volume (<2nm), meso pore volume (2~50nm), macro pore volume (>50nm), particle size distribution and specific surface area (BET).
The removal efficiency of phosphate using activated carbon was examined at different pH. The phosphate removal was explored under various ionic strength and temperature. The adsorption kinetics could be modeled by pseudo-second order kinetic model. Interference of fluoride on phosphate adsorption was studied as well. The removal of phosphate was done by Fe-impregnated activated carbon at different pH, temperature and fluoride concentration.
It was observed that the pH had insignificant effect on the removal of phosphate onto activated carbon in the pH range of 4 to 8 and removal of fluoride at pH 6 was better than pH 4 and 8. Temperature had a positive effect on the removal of phosphate; hence it is an endothermic reaction. Higher or ionic strength resulted in lower adsorption. The addition of different concentrations of fluoride ion at different pH had different impact on adsorption. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm was used to fit the experimental data in this study. When activated carbon was impregnated with iron, the removal efficiency of phosphate increased significantly even in the presence of fluoride ion. Temperature had a positive effect on the removal of phosphate.

Agyei, N.M., C.A. Strydom and J.H. Potgieter, “The removal of phosphate ions from aqueous solution by fly ash, slag, ordinary Portland cement and related blends,” Cem. Concr. Res., Vol. 32, pp. 1889-1897 (2002)

Al-Degs, Y.S., M.I. El-Barghouthi, A.H. El-Sheikh and G..M. Walker, “Effect of solution pH, ionic strength, and temperature on adsorption behavior of reactive dyes on activated carbon,” Dyes Pigm., Vol. 77, n 1, pp. 16-23 (2008)

Baker, B.J., D.W. Blowes and C.J. Ptacek, “Laboratory development of permeable reactive mixtures for the removal of phosphorus from onsite wastewater disposal systems,” Environ. Sci. Technol., Vol. 32, pp. 2308-2316 (1998)

Bansal R.C., J.B. Donnet and F. Stoeckli “Activate Carbon,” Marcel Dekker, New York (1988)

Barton, S. S., M. J. B. Evans, J. Holland and J. E. Koresh, “ Water and cyclohexane vapor adsorption on oxidized porous carbon,” Carbon, Vol. 22, pp. 265-272 (1984)

Battistoni, P., G. Fava, P. Pavan, A. Musacco and F. Cecchi, “Phosphate removal in anaerobic liquors by struvite crystallization without addition of chemicals: Preliminary results,” Water Res., Vol. 31, pp. 2925-2929 (1997)

Battistoni, P., P. Pavan, M. Prisciandaro and F. Cecchi, “Struvite crystallization: A feasible and reliable way to fix phosphorus in anaerobic supernatants,” Water Res., Vol. 34, pp. 3033–3041 (2000)

Bhargava D.S. and S.B. Sheldarkar, “Effects of adsorbent dose and size on phosphate-removal from wastewaters,” Environ. Pollut., Vol. 73, pp. 51-60 (1992)

Bhargava, D.S. and S.B. Sheldarkar, “Use of TNSAC in phosphate adsorption studies and relationships. Literature, experimental methodology, justification and effects of process variables,” Water Res. Vol. 27, pp. 303–312 (1993)

Chaturvedi, A.K., K.P. Yadava, K.C. Pathak and V.N. Singh, “Defluoridation of water by adsorption of fly ash,” Water Air Soil Pollut., Vol. 49, pp. 51-61 (1990)

Chang, M.F. and J.C. Liu, “Precipitation removal of fluoride from semiconductor wastewater,” J. Environ. Eng., Vol. 133, pp. 419-425 (2007)

Chitra, S., G. Sekaran and G. Chandrakasan, “Adsorption of a mutant strain of Pseudomonas pictorum on rice bran based activated carbon,” J. Hazard. Mater.,
Vol. 48, pp. 239-250 (1996)

Dai, M., “The adsorption of cationic dyes: methyl green and methyl violet,” J. Colloid Interface Sci., Vol. 164, pp. 223-228 (1994)

Das, D. P., J. Das and K. Parida, “Physicochemical characterization and adsorption behavior of calcined Zn/Al hydrotalcite-like compound (HTlc) towards removal of fluoride from aqueous solution,” J. Colloid Interface Sci., Vol. 261, pp. 213-220 (2003)

Daifullah, A.A.M., S.M. Yakout and S.A. Elreefy, “Adsorption of fluoride in aqueous solutions using KMnO4-modified activated carbon derived from steam pyrolysis of rice straw,” J. Hazard. Mater., Vol. 147, pp. 633-643 (2007)

Das, D. P., J. Das and K. Parida, “Physicochemical characterization and adsorption behavior of calcined Zn/Al hydrotalcite-like compound (HTlc) towards removal of fluoride from aqueous solution,” J. Colloid Interface Sci., Vol. 261, pp. 213-220 (2003)

De-Bashan, E., L. and B. Yoav, “Recent advances in removing phosphorus from wastewater and its future use as fertilizer (1997-2003),” Water Res., Vol. 38,
pp. 4222-4246 (2004)

Del Bubba, M., C.A. Arias and H. Brix “Phosphorus adsorption maximum of sands for use as media in subsurface flow constructed reed beds as measured by the Langmuir isotherm,” Water Res., Vol. 37, pp. 3390-3400 (2003)

Edwards, M. and M.M. Bengamin, “Adsorption filtration using coated sand : A new approach for treatment of metal bearing waters,” J. Water Pollut. Control Fed.,
Vol. 61, pp. 1523-1533 (1989)

Gaciri, S.J. and T.C. Davies, “The occurrence and geochemistry of fluoride in some nature waters of Kenya,” J. Hydrol., Vol. 143, pp. 395-412 (1993)
Guo, Y.P. and Y. Zhou, “Conversion of nacre powders to apatite in phosphate buffer solutions at low temperatures,” Mater. Chem. Phys., Vol. 106, pp. 88-94 (2007)

Hamdi, N. and S. Ezzeddine, “Removal of fluoride from acidic wastewater by clay mineral: Effect of solid-liquid ratios,” Desalination, Vol. 206, pp. 238-244 (2007)

Han, Y., X. Quan, S. Chen, S. Wang and Y. Zhang, “Electrochemical enhancement of adsorption capacity of activated carbon fibers and their surface physicochemical characterizations,” Electrochim. Acta, Vol. 52, pp. 3075-3081 (2007)

Huang, J., “Removal of phosphate by powdered aluminum oxide adsorption,” Water Pollut. Control Fed., Vol. 7, pp. 1811-1817 (1977)

Huang, C.P. and L.M. Vane, “Enhancing As5+ Removal by a Fe2+ treated activated carbon,” Water Pollut. Control Fed., Vol. 61, pp. 1596-1603 (1989)

Hosni, K., S.B. Moussa and M.B. Amor, “Conditions influencing the removal of phosphate from synthetic wastewater: influence of the ionic composition,” Desalination, Vol. 206, pp. 279-285 (2007)

Hsu, P.H., “Precipitation of phosphate from solution using aluminum salt,” Water Res., Vol. 9, pp. 1155-1161 (1975)

Jenkins, D., J. F. Ferguson and A. B. Menar, “Chemical process for phosphate removal”, Water Res., Vol. 5, pp. 369-389 (1971)

Karaca, S., A. Gurses, M. Ejder and M. Ac1ky1ld1z, “Adsorptive removal of phosphate from aqueous solutions using raw and calcinated dolomite,” J. Hazard. Mater., Vol. 128, pp. 273-279 (2006)

Kinoshita, K., “Carbon: Electrochemical and Physcio-Chemcical Properties,” John Wiley and Sons, New York (1988)

Krishnan, K.A. and A. Haridas, “Removal of phosphate from aqueous solutions and sewage using natural and surface modified coir pith,” J. Hazard. Mater., Vol. 152,
pp. 527-535 (2008)

Koutsoukos, P., Z. Amjad, M.B. Tomson and G.H. Nandcollas, “Crystallization of calcium phosphates. A constant composition study,” J. Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. 102,
pp. 1553-1557 (1980)

Liu, R., G. Jinlong and T. Hongxiao, “Adsorption of fluoride, phosphate, and arsenate ions on a new type of ion exchange fiber,” J. Colloid Interface Sci., Vol. 248,
pp. 268-274 (2002)

Lorenc-Grabowska, E. and G. Gryglewicz, “Adsorption characteristics of Congo Red on coal-based mesoporous activated carbon,” Dyes Pigm., Vol. 74, pp. 34-40 (2007)

Lyubchik, S. I., A.I. Lyubchik, O. L. Galushko, L. P. Tikhonova, V. Joaquim, I. M Fonseca and S. B. Lyubchik, “Kinetics and thermodynamics of the Cr(III) adsorption on the activated carbon from co-mingled wastes,” Colloids Surf. A, Vol. 242, pp. 151-158 (2004)

Mahramanlioglu, M., I. Kizilcikli and I.O. Bicer, “Adsorption of fluoride from aqueous solution by acid treated spent bleaching earth,” J. Fluorine Chem., Vol. 115, pp. 41-47 (2002)

Mazet, M., B. Farkhani and B. Baudu, “Influence of heat or chemical treatment of activated carbon onto the adsorption of organic compounds,” Water Res., Vol. 28, pp. 1609-1617 (1994)

Metcalf, L. and T. Eddy, “Wastewater Engineering Treatment and Reuse,” McGraw-Hill, Co., New York (2004)

Mondal, P., C.B. Majumder and B. Mohanty, “Effects of adsorbent dose, its particle size and initial arsenic concentration on the removal of arsenic, iron and manganese from simulated ground water by Fe3+ impregnated activated carbon,” J. Hazard. Mater., Vol. 150, pp. 695-702 (2007)

Moon, Y. H., J.G.. Kim, J. S. Ahm, G. H. Lee and H.S. Moon, “Phosphate removal using sludge from fuller's earth production,” J. Hazard. Mater., Vol. 143, pp. 41-48 (2007)

Morse, G.K., S.W. Brett and J.A. Guy and J.N. Lester, “Review: Phosphorus removal and recovery technologies,” Sci. Total Environ., Vol. 212, pp. 69-81 (1998)
Namasivayam, C. and D. Sangeetha, “Equilibrium and kinetic studies of adsorption of phosphate onto ZnCl2 activated coir pith carbon,” J. Colloid Interface Sci., Vol. 280, pp. 359-365 (2004)

Nigamananda, D., P. Pragyan and D. Rita, “Defluoridation of drinking water using activated titanium rich bauxite,” J. Colloid Interface Sci., Vol. 292, pp. 1-10 (2005)

Nigussie, W., F. Zewge and B.S. Chandravanshi, “Removal of excess fluoride from water using waste residue from alum manufacturing process,” J. Hazard. Mater., Vol. 147 2007, pp. 954-963 (2007)

Omoike, A.I. and G.W. Vanloon, “Removal of phosphate and organic matter removal by alum during wastewater treatment,” Water Res., Vol. 33, pp. 3617-3627 (1999)

Onyango, M.S., Y. Kojima, A. Kumar, D. Kuchar, M. Kubota and H. Matsuda, “Uptake of fluoride by Al3+ pretreated low-silica synthetic zeolites: Adsorption equilibrium and rate studies,” Sep. Sci. Technol., Vol. 41, pp. 683-704 (2006)

Onyango M. S., D. Kuchar, M. Kubota and H. Matsuda, “Adsorptive removal of phosphate ions from aqueous solution using synthetic zeolite,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol. 46, p 894-900 (2007)
Pakuła, K., S. Biniak and A. Swiatkowski, “Chemical and electrochemical studies ofinteractions between iron (III) ions and an activated carbon surface.” Langmuir, Vol. 14, pp. 3082–3089 (1998)

Rengaraj, S., S.H. Moon, R. Sivabalan, B. Arabindoo and V. Murugesan, “Agricultural solid waste for the removal of organics: adsorption of phenol from water and wastewater by palm seed coat activated carbon,” Waste Manage., Vol. 22, pp. 543-548 (2002)

Schneider, R.M., C.F. Cavalin, M.A.S.D. Barros and C.R.G. Tavares, “Adsorption of chromium ions in activated carbon,” Chem. Eng. J., Vol. 132, pp. 355-362 (2007)

Stahl, R.S. and B.R. James, “Zinc sorption by iron-oxide-coated sand as a function of pH,” Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., Vol. 55, pp. 1287-1290 (1991)

Stumn. W., “Chemistry of Solid-Water Interface: Adsorption,” John Wiley and Sons, New York (1992)

Tan, I.A., A.L. Ahmad and B.H. Hameed, “Adsorption of basic dye on high-surface-area activated carbon prepared from coconut husk: Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies,” J Hazard. Mater, Vol. 154, pp. 337-346 (2007)

Thistleton, J., T. Clark, P. Pearce and S.A. Parsons, “Mechanisms of chemical phosphorus removal 1- Iron (III) salts,” Process Saf. Environ. Prot., Vol. 79, pp. 339-344 (2001)

Thistleton, J., T.A. Berry, P. Pearce and S.A. Parsons, “Mechanisms of chemical phosphorus removal II. Iron (III) salts,” Process Saf. Environ. Prot., Vol. 80,
pp. 265-269 (2002)

Tripathy, S.S., J.L. Bersillon and K. Gopal, “Removal of fluoride from drinking water by adsorption onto alum-impregnated activated alumina,” Sep. Purif. Technol.,
Vol. 50, pp. 310-317 (2006)

Tsai, C.Y. and J.C. Liu, “Fluoride removal from water with iron-coated spent catalyst,” J. Chi. Inst. Environ. Eng., Vol. 9, pp. 107-114 (1991)

Turner, B.D., P. Binning and S.L.S. Stipp, “Fluoride removal by calcite: evidence for fluorite precipitation and surface adsorption,” Environ. Sci. Technol., Vol. 39,
pp. 9561-9568 (2005)

Wan-Ngah, W.S., M.A.K.M. Hanafiah and S.S. Yong, “Adsorption of humic acid from aqueous solutions on crosslinked chitosan-epichlorohydrin beads: Kinetics and isotherm studies,” Colloids Surf. B, Vol. 65, pp. 18-24 (2008)

Wasay, S.A., M.J. Haron and S. Tokunaga, “Adsorption of fluoride, phosphate, and arsenate ions on lanthanum- impregnated silica gel,” Water Environ. Res., Vol. 68,
pp. 295-300 (1996a)

Wasay, S. A., S. Tokunaga and S.W. Park, “Removal of hazardous anions from aqueous solutions by La(III)- and Y(III)-impregnated alumina,” Sep. Sci. Technol., Vol. 31, pp. 1501-1514 (1996b)

Wigmans, T., “Industrial aspects of production and use of activated carbon,” Carbon, Vol. 27, pp. 13–22 (1989)

Wu, X., Z. Yu, X. Dou and M. Yang, “Fluoride removal performance of a novel Fe-Al-Ce trimetal oxide adsorbent,” Chemosphere, Vol. 69, pp. 1758-1764 (2007)

Woods, N.C., S.M. Sock and G.T. Daigger, “Phosphorus recovery technology modeling and feasibility evaluation for municipal wastewater treatment plants,” Environ. Technol., Vol. 20, pp. 663–679 (1999)

Zeng, H., K. K. Chittur and , W. R. Lacefield, “Dissolution/reprecipitation of calcium phosphate thin films produced by ion beam sputter deposition technique,” Biomaterials, Vol. 20, pp. 443-451(1999)

Zeng, L., “A method for preparing silica-containing iron(III) oxide adsorbents for arsenic removal,” Water Res., Vol. 37, pp. 4351-4358 (2003)

Zenga, Le, X. Li and J. Liu, “Adsorptive removal of phosphate from aqueous solutions using iron oxide tailings,” Water Res., Vol. 38, pp. 1318-1326 (2004)

Zhu, M.X., K.Y., Ding, X. Jiang and H.H. Wang, “Investigation on co-sorption and desorption of fluoride and phosphate in a red soil of China,” Water Air Soil Pollution., Vol. 37, pp. 455-465 (2007)