近期，二維 (2D) 奈米材料在許多應用領域中展現出十足的潛力，如石墨烯、過渡金屬二硫屬化物 (TMDCs)、六方氮化硼 (h-BN) 等，已應用於各種光電元件、傳感器、電容器、太陽能電池等方面。此等材料雖只有單顆或數顆原子之厚，卻擁有在塊材型態不具備的優越特性，使其在未來廣泛的科技研究中展現出色前景。然而，材料性能固然出色，工業級大量生產高質量的二維奈米材料卻非易事，而液相脫層程序正是合適的因應之道，透過界面活性劑與溶劑的搭配，可以簡單、環保的方式有效地大規模產生薄層二維材料。在本文研究中，我們分別在石墨與二硫化鉬(MoS2)兩系統中加入超分子聚合物作為界面活性劑，經由超音波震盪的處理，將兩材料由三維(3D)大型分子轉為二維形式並大量生產。
在研究的第一部分，利用添加腺嘌呤功能化的生物可降解低聚物(3A-PCL)，將塊狀結晶的石墨脫層為具導電性、良好物理特性且高度有序結構的石墨烯奈米片，經檢驗後可證明，因3A-PCL對石墨表面具有高親和性，可於其表面自行組裝為層狀奈米結構，在有機溶劑裡脫層並形成穩定懸浮的石墨烯奈米片。而在移除溶劑後，此複合材料在黏性與彈性狀態間顯示出持久的熱可逆相變行為，並可透過調整複合材料內的聚合物比例，進而調控脫層石墨烯的厚度。此石墨烯複合材料最大的特色在於電阻率低，測得之數值為1.5 ± 0.7 mΩ·cm，比原始石墨烯低一個數量級以上。綜合第一實驗系統的研究，選用液相脫層程序製備多功能超分子與石墨的奈米複合材料，因其生產過程簡單，製成之材料具有良好的物理特性與導電性，適合在導電元件領域發展應用。
本研究的第二部分，我們以鄰二氯苯(ODCB)為溶劑，腺嘌呤功能化聚丙二醇(A-PPG)為界面活性劑，設計一種能將石墨脫層為厚度可控之高質量石墨烯的實驗系統。首先我們先在溶劑ODCB中，把天然石墨剝離為數層有序的脫層石墨(EG)奈米片，此視為一次脫層；而在二次脫層中，在EG溶液中加入A-PPG，此時具氫鍵官能基的腺嘌呤發揮關鍵作用，使A-PPG能在石墨烯奈米片表面自行組裝為長而有序的奈米結構，進而增加EG在ODCB中的長期分散穩定性，且透過調整複合材料中A-PPG的含量，可製備出具特定結構特徵的石墨烯奈米片。此以超分子聚合物作非共價官能化的石墨烯表現非凡，經由簡單、有效的一次及二次脫層，可自由調控石墨烯的所需厚度，在各項潛在應用中發揮作用。
最後一實驗系統，則是以水為溶劑，胞嘧啶功能化聚丙二醇(Cy-PPG)為界面活性劑，搭配二次脫層程序，將MoS2剝離為超薄層的奈米片。首先，利用水相環境將原始的MoS2初步分散為數層的奈米片，接著於二次脫層期間加入Cy-PPG，與數層MoS2的水溶液進行一小時以上的超音波震盪，此過程中，自組裝為有序層狀奈米結構的Cy-PPG會因強物理作用力而吸附在奈米片的表面，並形成可調節的超薄層MoS2，而透過仔細調整Cy-PPG的用量，可以大幅改善MoS2在水溶液的長期穩定分散性，從而保持其固有的特性，最後利用光譜及顯微鏡分析脫層奈米片的形貌與物理性質，證明MoS2奈米片表面確實有Cy-PPG的存在，而在導電率測試中，測得之數值則較原始MoS2高出127 µS/cm。綜觀以上，此實驗系統能夠有效以環保方法生產超薄層MoS2奈米片，對於講求材料精準的研究領域至關重要。

Recently, two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials like graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), and others have shown promising potentials for various electronic and optoelectronics device, sensors, capacitors, solar cells and others more. These are just one or few atoms thick materials with outstanding properties that do not exist in their bulk counterparts that make it a perfect candidate for a wide variety of future flexible technologies. However, upscale production of high-quality 2D nanomaterials is a key bottleneck in the development of a wide range of industrial applications. Nowadays, a facile, efficient and eco-friendly, liquid phase exfoliation approaches with appropriate exfoliating agent and solvent provide a promising mass production of these nanomaterials. This study is therefore devoted to the mass production of graphene and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) from respective three-dimensional macromolecules (3D) by liquid phase exfoliation in the presence of supramolecular polymer as a vibrant exfoliation agent under ultra-sonication treatment.
In the first part of the study, bulk crystalline graphite was directly exfoliated with an adenine-functionalized biodegradable oligomer (3A-PCL) resulting electrically conductive and highly disordered graphene nanosheets with well-tailored structural and physical properties. It was confirmed that 3A-PCL self-assembled into hierarchical nanostructures on the surface of graphite due to its high affinity for the graphite surface, resulting in direct exfoliation of graphite into well-suspended graphene nanosheets in an organic solvent. Furthermore, the dried composites show persistent thermoreversible phase transition behavior between viscous and elastic states, and the thickness of exfoliated graphene layers can be controlled by tuning the polymer loading ratio within the composite. Importantly, this newly developed graphene composites possess a low electrical resistivity of 1.5 ± 0.7 mΩ·cm at a graphite loading of 23 wt%, which is more than an order of magnitude lower than that of pristine graphite. This design provides a highly efficient process for the fabrication of multifunctional supramolecular graphene nanosheets with great potential for conductive device applications due to the simplicity of the production process, well-tailored physical properties, and excellent conductive performance.
In the second work, we designed a facile exfoliation of graphite into high-quality graphene nanosheets with wide-range tunable layer thickness achieved through a combination of first and second exfoliations using the halogenated solvent ortho-dichlorobenzene (ODCB) and an adenine-functionalized supramolecular polymer (A-PPG). In this study, we demonstrated that natural graphite can be exfoliated directly into well-dispersed, dozen-layer exfoliated graphite (EG) nanosheets in ODCB with relatively weak interlayer interactions; this is defined as first exfoliation. When A-PPG is added to the EG solution (i.e., defined as second exfoliation), the hydrogen-bonded adenine moieties operate as essential key units, manipulating the self-assembly behavior of the A-PPG polymers to efficiently construct long-range ordered lamellar nanostructures on the surface of the graphene nanosheets. This approach increases the long-term dispersion stability of EG in ODCB and enables the fabrication of exfoliated graphene nanosheets with the required structural characteristics by adjusting the A-PPG content of the composites. These excellent properties of non-covalently functionalized graphene with a supramolecular polymer are extremely unusual, but tremendously appealing for the production of physically tailored graphene based on combined first and second exfoliation processes. As a result, this advancement provides a simple, highly efficient graphene production process with potential applications in a variety of applications.
Third, we developed a simple and effective approach for sequential two-step exfoliation of molybdenum disulfide into tunable ultrathin layer nanosheets using cytosine-functionalized polypropylene glycol (Cy-PPG) and an environmentally safe aqueous solution. Initially, dispersed few layers of MoS2 nanosheets were obtained by direct liquid phase exfoliation of pristine bulk MoS2 in aqueous solution. The sequential addition of Cy-PPG into a few layer MoS2 solution, followed by one hour of additional sonication treatment in the second exfoliation, results in the attachment of ordered lamellar microstructure of self-assembled polymer on the surface of nanosheets through strong physical interaction and the formation of tunable ultrathin MoS2 layer. Second exfoliation significantly enhances long-term dispersion and tunable ultrathin layer of MoS2 nanosheets through carefully managing the amount of polymer used while retaining its fundamental qualities. Furthermore, spectroscopic and microscopic investigations of exfoliated nanosheets revealed the presence of self-assembled polymer on the surface of molybdenum disulfide nanosheets, which aided in the delamination of a stably dispersed ultrathin tunable layer of nanosheets. Surprisingly, the ultra-low concentration of supramolecular MoS2 composite (Cy-80 %) demonstrated increased electrical conductivity of 127 S/cm when compared to pristine MoS2. In general, this study reveals an efficient method for creating ultrathin layer MoS2 nanosheets while being environmentally benign, which is vital for the creation of custom-tailored devices.

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