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研究生: 黃孟華
Meng-hua Huang
論文名稱: 不同光源下反射式電子書效能評估
Evaluation of the performance of reflective e-books under different illuminations
指導教授: 陳鴻興
Hung-shing Chen
口試委員: 羅明
Ronnier Luo
溫照華
Chao-hua Wen
羅梅君
Mei-Chun Lo
孫沛立
Pei-li Sun
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 電資學院 - 電子工程系
Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering
論文出版年: 2011
畢業學年度: 99
語文別: 英文
論文頁數: 113
中文關鍵詞: 效能反射式電子書膽固醇液晶光源心理物理實驗影像品質閱讀性
外文關鍵詞: Performance, reflective e-book, Cholesteric Liquid Crystal, illumination, psychophysical experiment, image quality, readability
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  • 本研究的研究主旨為在不同光源下對黑白電泳式反射式電子書及彩色膽固醇液晶反射式電子書效能評估,並同時比較噴墨硬表機輸出印刷品之效能。評估方法包含物理量測和心理物理實驗。物理量測有五個項目,包含對比度,白點色度,彩色電子書的三原色色度,電子書之階調曲線,和電子書畫面均勻度。心理物理實驗則以兩大分類來評估,影像品質評估和閱讀性。心理物理實驗含有四個變數,光源、顯示媒介、顯示媒介之對比度和解析度。光源包含四種光源,三原色LED、五原色LED、以交流電源驅動之白色LED和CWF。四種光源條件的色溫和照度固定在3600K和800lux。顯示媒介包含黑白電子書、彩色電子書和雷射輸出紙張兩種,光面紙和霧面紙。紙張的對比度設定成三種,高對比度、中對比度和低對比度,黑白反射式電子書對比度為中對比度,彩色反射式電子書對比度為低對比度。顯示媒介解析度分成兩種,所有紙張皆設定為600dpi,兩種電子書對比度則為167dpi。受試者根據指示完成在不同光源下對顯示媒介的心理物理實驗。
    根據實驗結果分析,顯示媒介對影像品質、文字輸出品質和視覺文字解析度都有顯著影響。這個顯著影響的原因主要來自顯示媒介的對比度,高對比度的紙張相較下有顯著較佳的影像品質。光源除了對彩色影像品質有顯著影響外,其它並沒有顯處差異。根據分析的結果顯示,目前黑白反射式電子書和彩色反射式電子書的解析度在閱讀性的效能上已經可以媲美紙張;但是電子書的對比度不管在文字閱讀或是影像顯示上都仍然需要被增進。光源部分,使用LED光源下觀看彩色影像相較傳統CWF光源並不會比較差。


    The aim of this research was to evaluate the performance of a reflective black-and-white e-book using electronic ink and a colour reflective e-book using Cholesteric Liquid Crystal under different illumination conditions. Furthermore, their performance was analyzed in comparison with hardcopies outputted by inkjet printers.
    The physical measurement was conducted to specify the characteristics of reflective e-books in five measurement items including contrast ratio, chromaticity of peak white and primary colours, tone response curve, and luminous non-uniformity.
    A psychophysical experiment was carried out to evaluate the performance of the test e-books in terms of image quality and readability. The experiment evaluated the following four independent variables: illumination, display medium, contrast, and resolution. The illumination conditions included three-primary multi-colour LEDs, five- primary multi-colour LEDs, a white LED driven with alternating current, and a CWF. The illuminace level and correlated colour temperature of all illuminations were set to the same, 800 lux and 3600 K. Hardcopies were printed out at 3 levels of contrast (high contrast, middle contrast, low contrast). The resolutions of e-books and hardcopies were set to 167 dpi and 600 dpi, respectively. The display mediums included two kinds of reflective e-books (black-and-white type and colour type), and two kinds of papers for hardcopies, coated (photo-glossy) and uncoated paper (matte). Participants followed the instructions to assess all of the display medium conditions under four illumination conditions.
    According to the evaluated results, the display medium conditions had a statistically significant effect on image quality, text quality and perceived text resolution. The statistical difference was, however, due to a significantly higher perceived quality of coated paper with high contrast. Illuminations had no significant effect on the performance of all display medium conditions except colour image quality. The results showed that the ergonomic evaluations of black-and-white and colour reflective e-books and their resolution settings were good enough to compete with office paper for reading. However, the current contrast still needs to be improved for both text reading and picture showing. Using LEDs to view a colour image on display media is at least as good, if not better than using traditional CWF.

    Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Overview background 1.2 Aims 1.3 Hypotheses 1.4 Research process 1.5 Thesis outline Chapter 2 – Literature review 2.1 Overview 2.2 Colorimetry 2.2.1 CIE Colorimetry system 2.2.2 Tristimulus values 2.2.3 Chromaticity Diagrams 2.2.4 Correlated colour temperature 2.2.5 Standard Illuminants 2.2.6 Illuminating and viewing conditions 2.2.7 Radiometry and photometry 2.3 Reflective e-book 2.3.1 Cholesteric liquid crystal e-book 2.3.2 Electrophoretic electronic ink 2.4 Image quality 2.5 Readability 2.6 Psychophysical method Chapter 3 – Experimental Plan 3.1 Overview 3.2 Reflective E-book 3.2.1 Colour type (Fujitsu FLEPia) 3.2.2 Black-and-white type (Amazon Kindle) 3.3 Physical measurement 3.3.1 Measurement instrument 3.3.2 Physical measuring items 3.4 Light source specification 3.4.1 Electro-optical characteristics of multi-colour LED 3.4.2 ACLED 3.4.3 SPD of test illuminations 3.5 Psychophysical experimental method 3.5.1 Overview 3.5.2 Observers 3.5.3 Evaluation items 3.5.4 Display medium condition 3.5.5 Workspace 3.5.6 Experimental design 3.5.7 Image quality 3.5.8 Readability 3.6 Data analysis 3.6.1 Table of data detail 3.6.2 Table of ANOVA analysis 3.6.3 Post hoc test for Tukey’s HSD procedure Chapter 4 – Results and Discussions 4.1 Overview 4.2 Physical measurement result 4.3 Psychophysical experiment result 4.3.1 Overview 4.3.2 Image quality 4.3.3 Experiment Part I : B&K image quality 4.3.4 Experiment Part II : Colour image quality 4.3.5 Readability 4.3.6 Experiment Part III : Legibility 4.3.7 Experiment Part V : Text resolution 4.4 Conclusion Chapter 5 – Conclusion 5.1 Overview 5.2 Summery of finding 5.3 Guidelines for reflective e-book 5.4 Future work

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