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研究生: 陳丁章
Chen,Ding Jang
論文名稱: 生醫研究所涉原住民族社群同意機制之臺灣法律實踐
Indigenous Peoples Community Consent in Biomedical Research in Taiwan:Regulations and Practice
指導教授: 林瑞珠
Jui-Chu Lin
口試委員: 陳修聖
Chen, Shiou-Sheng
范建得
Fan, Chien-Te
李崇僖
Lee, Chung Hsi
何建志
Ho, Jen-Ji
陳仲嶙
Chen, Chung-Lin
林勤富
Lin,Ching-Fu
林瑞珠
Jui-Chu Lin
學位類別: 博士
Doctor
系所名稱: 應用科技學院 - 應用科技研究所
Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology
論文出版年: 2020
畢業學年度: 108
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 182
中文關鍵詞: 人體研究原住民族集體同意轉型正義後常態科學審議式民主機構倫理審查委員會原住民族倫理審查委員會
外文關鍵詞: Human Subjects Research, Community Consent of Indigenous Peoples, Transitional Justice, Post-normal Science, Deliberative Democracy, Institutional Review Board, Tribal IRBs
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當生醫研究涉及原住民族族群時,集體同意機制之理論與實務操作,一直是生醫倫理上的重大課題;蓋因欠缺可茲依循的社群同意機制,將導致生醫研究遲滯的所謂「寒蟬效應」。就台灣之現況而言,雖已在原住民族基本法第21條,載明涉及原住民族研究時應遵循之諮詢與同意機制,然在實務上,其操作仍有困難,加以當前人體研究法下所定措施亦非完善,訴諸既有倫理審查機制似亦無助於問題的解決。
因此,本文擬先從族群自決與永續發展的積極面向,以及本於正義要求的地位回復理論等消極面向,先行釐清原住民族社群(集體)同意的相關理論基礎,其次再從集體風險面向,敘明生物醫學研究中社群(集體)同意與其他社群(集體)同意事項之異同,進而提出「以『適當之程序與方式』為『充分之告知與解釋』」的諮商程序,求得原則上不可撤銷的同意之建議。此外,本文亦將釐清研究者違反社群同意規定時之處理機制,以及利害關係人之救濟途徑等。
最後,本文認為針對原住民族的生醫研究,機構倫理審查委員會之審查應只限於形式,也就是僅審查研究者獲致族群同意之證明文件而已。準此,將無須將原住民族的族群同意機制與機構倫理審查程序分開為之,以免有因此產生積極衝突或消極衝突的可能性。綜上,謹建議在以研究原住民族為目的之生物醫學研究事務上,宜以「原住民族倫理審查委員會」作為單一化的同意機制兼倫理審查制機,並據之提出對於現行人體研究法、人體研究計畫諮詢取得原住民族同意與約定商業利益及其應用辦法之相關條文之調整建議。


When biomedical research involves indigenous peoples, the theory and practical operation of the community (collective)consent mechanism has always been a major issue in bioethics. Lacking of a community consent mechanism will lead to the so-called "Chilling effect" that may drag the biomedical research. As far as the current situation in Taiwan is concerned, the consultation and consent mechanism set out in Article 21 of the The Indigenous Peoples Basic Law is operationally difficult, and the measures under the Human Subjects Research Act are not perfect, and the existing ethical review mechanism alone will not solve the issue.
Therefore, this paper intends to establish the theoretical basis of community (collective) consent of the indigenous peoples from the positive orientation discussed upon the ethnic self-determination and sustainable development, and the negative orientation discussed upon the conception of Justice and the status recovering. At the same time,the collective risks will be evaluated.Then, this paper will propose how to construct the "appropriate procedure and manner" as "full notification and interpretation" of the consultative procedure, to obtain an irrevocable community consent. In addition, this paper will also try to present the handling mechanism to deal with the violation of community consent, and will try to clarify the relief mechanism for whom may concerned.
Finally, this paper holds that when the research purpose involving indigenous peoples, the review of the Institutional Review Board should be limited to formal review, that is, only the supporting documents of community (collective) consent should be reviewed. In conclusion, this paper holds that in biomedical research matters aimed at the study of indigenous peoples, it is necessary to construct the " Tribal IRBs " as a integrated consent and ethical review mechanism, and it is proposed that amendments for the existing Human Subjects Research Act, and The Rule of Consultation to Obtain Consent and Negotiation on Commercial Interests and Its Application for Human Research Program Aimed at Indigenous Peoples.

1、 緒論 ..............................................................................................................................1 1.1. 研究主題及概念之界定 ...............................................................................................1 1.1.1 生物醫學研究之範疇..................................................................................................1 1.1.2 原住民族社群同意之意涵 ..........................................................................................2 1.2. 問題意識與研究必要性 ...............................................................................................4 1.2.1 問題緣起 .....................................................................................................................4 1.2.2 既有倫理審查機制之侷限性 ......................................................................................5 1.2.3 原住民族基本法第 21 條之適用疑義 .........................................................................7 1.2.4 人體研究法規範不足之問題 ......................................................................................9 1.2.5 違反社群同意處理機制之議題 ................................................................................ 12 1.3. 預期產出之研究成果 ................................................................................................. 13 1.3.1 確保「社群同意之意思表示健全」 ......................................................................... 13 1.3.2 建構有意義的諮商程序 ............................................................................................ 14 1.3.3 釐清違反社群同意時之處理機制與救濟途徑 ......................................................... 15 1.3.4 建構「原住民族倫理審查委員會」之立法芻議 ..................................................... 16 2、 文獻回顧與研究方法 ................................................................................................. 17 2.1. 研究文獻回顧:關於社群同意的理論基礎 ............................................................... 18 2.1.1 社群同意與集體權之關聯性 .................................................................................... 18 2.1.2 集體權之意涵 ........................................................................................................... 18 2.1.3 集體權所涉民族自決之議題 .................................................................................... 20 2.2. 立法資料回顧 ............................................................................................................ 23 2.2.1 原住民族基本法第 21 條第 1 項立法資料回顧 ....................................................... 23 2.2.1 人體研究法第 15 條立法資料回顧 .......................................................................... 25 2.3. 文獻討論與本文觀察 ................................................................................................. 28 2.4. 研究方法與論文架構 ................................................................................................. 31 3、 從個人同意到社群(集體)同意之理論建構 ............................................................... 36 3.1. 積極面向:族群永續之考量...................................................................................... 38 3.1.1 原住民族的社群(集體)同意有別於其他族群的意義 .............................................. 38 3.1.2 原住民族的社群(集體)同意與族群永續之深切關聯 .............................................. 42 3.2. 消極面向:原住民族的社群(集體)同意是地位回復的一環 .................................... 47 3.2.1 弱勢照顧不應是原住民族的社群(集體)同意機制的基礎 ...................................... 47 3.2.2 從正義論與立憲歷程看原住民族的社群(集體)同意 .............................................. 48 3.2.3 轉型正義(Transitional Justice) ......................................................................... 55 3.2.4 從憲法解釋論看原住民族社群(集體)同意權 ......................................................... 60 4、 生物醫學研究和原住民族社群(集體)同意權的關係 ............................................... 63 4.1. 不確定性(風險)與風險溝通議題 .............................................................................. 64 4.1.1 後常態科學的途徑 ................................................................................................... 65 4.1.2 生物醫學研究中的風險概念 .................................................................................... 66 4.1.3 生物醫學研究之本質具有高爭議性或有重大影響性 .............................................. 68 4.1.4 建構於社群(集體)參與及同意上的風險溝通 ......................................................... 69 4.2. 社群集體風險與善意原則之關聯 .............................................................................. 72 4.2.1 生物醫學研究與生命倫理之要求 ............................................................................ 72 4.2.2 社群集體風險之關注................................................................................................ 74 4.3. 集體同意促成研究者與族群的雙贏 .......................................................................... 76 4.3.1 研究自由與科學發展之考量 .................................................................................... 76 4.3.2 如何促成有意義的雙贏 ............................................................................................ 80 4.4. 集體同意權與個人同意權之關係 .............................................................................. 81 4.4.1 集體同意權的優先不必然是衝突 ............................................................................ 81 4.4.2 實定法的規定易生誤解 ............................................................................................ 86 5、 「以適當之與方式為充分之告知與解釋」的諮商 ................................................... 91 5.1. 風險溝通:諮詢的概念與機制 .................................................................................. 91 5.1.1 審議式民主概念之思考 ............................................................................................ 91 5.1.2 有意義的「諮詢」之意涵 ........................................................................................ 95 5.1.3 建構足以確保資訊真實性之機制 ............................................................................ 96 5.2. 適當之程序與方式 ................................................................................................... 100 5.2.1 諮詢(商)之對象 ..................................................................................................... 100 5.2.2 諮詢機制之運作 ..................................................................................................... 106 5.3. 充分之告知與解釋 ................................................................................................... 111 5.4. 小結: 以充分實質參與為核心之建議 .................................................................. 113 5.5. 社群(集體)「同意」之安定性議題 ........................................................................ 115 5.5.1 社群(集體)同意權之法律定性 .............................................................................. 116 5.5.2「同意權」的行使與「同意狀態」之安定問題 .................................................... 121 5.5.3 研究者之「權利」救濟問題 .................................................................................. 124 5.5.4 建構安定性同意機制之芻議 .................................................................................. 133 6、 違反社群同意時之處理機制.................................................................................... 136 6.1. 現行規範之適用疑義 ................................................................................................... 136 6.1.1「中止」與「終止」之意涵 ................................................................................... 137 6.1.2 做成「中止」或「終止」行政處分之裁量困境 ................................................... 138 6.1.3 做成研究計畫「終止」行政處分後之處置問題 ................................................... 141 6.2. 研究者違反社群同意時之利害關係人救濟途徑 ......................................................... 142 6.2.1 公法上之救濟途徑 ................................................................................................. 142 6.2.2「侵權」之救濟途徑 .............................................................................................. 144 7、 結論與建議 .............................................................................................................. 147 7.1. 釐清機構倫理審查機制與原住民族諮詢同意之關係 ............................................. 147 7.2. 建構「原住民族倫理審查委員會」之芻議 ............................................................. 152 參考文獻 ................................................................................................................................... 174

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〔71〕 黃清琦,牡丹社事件過程,牡丹社事件的地圖史料與空間探索(下),原住民族委員會原住民族文獻,2013年4月8日。
〔72〕 陳張培倫,族群發展導向積極賦權行動與原住民族,政治與社會哲學評論,第47期,頁1-64,2013年12月。
〔73〕 姚孟昌,兩人權公約下人民自決權之當代實踐—以2014年蘇格蘭獨立公投為例,新世紀智庫論壇,第67期,2014年9月30日。
〔74〕 蔡友月,基因科學與認同政治:原住民 DNA、台灣人起源與生物多元文化主義的興起,台灣社會學第28期,頁1-58,2014年12月。
〔75〕 施正鋒,台灣轉型正義所面對的課題,台灣國際研究季刊第10卷第2期,頁32,2014。
〔76〕 世界醫師會赫爾辛基宣言 World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki (2013年10月巴西福塔雷薩第64屆世界醫師會大會修訂版)中譯,台灣醫界, Vol.57, No.5,P47,2014(2008版原文:https://www.wma.net/what-we-do/medical-ethics/declaration-of-helsinki/doh-oct2008/)
〔77〕 黃居正、邱盈翠,台灣原住民族集體同意權之規範與實踐,臺灣民主季刊,第十二卷,第三期,頁43-82,2015年9月。
〔78〕 林雍昇,威權體制的轉型正義不應與原住民族的歷史正義混為一談,民報,2016年5月27日。
〔79〕 陳仲嶙,求取平衡的研究倫理審查:憲法視角提供的啟示,人文與社會科學簡訊17卷3期,頁75-81,2016年6月。
〔80〕 邱玟惠,論法制上權利主體之建構基礎與變化:以原住民族自治或部落為中心,法令月刊,67卷3期,頁60-73,2016年。
〔81〕 蔡志偉(Awi Mona),原住民族自治,台灣原住民族研究學報,6卷1期,頁 137-140,2016年。
〔82〕 蔡志偉(Awi Mona),人體研究與原住民族集體權:人權規範與發展的新課題,司法官學院犯罪防治資料庫。Available at https://www.cprc.moj.gov.tw/media/8742/5122617401017.pdf?mediaDL=true, visited at 2019/9/06.

網頁資訊:
(外文)
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〔86〕 http://www.crbtzuchi.org/index-2.aspx?entry=12, visited at 2019/01/20.
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〔89〕 http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/documents/presentation/wcms_099187.pdf, visited at 2019/9/06.
〔90〕 https://www.who.int/topics/health_services_indigenous/en/ ,visited at 2019/04/06.
〔91〕 https://www.ictj.org/about/transitional-justice, visited at 2019/04/06.
〔92〕 The Secretary-General’s report on the rule of law in conflict and post-conflict societies, III.8, S/2004/616,2004,8,23,https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/PCS%20S%202004%20616.pdf. , visited at 2019/04/06.
〔93〕 Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues, New Directions: The Ethics of Synthetic Biology and Emerging Technologies ,at 151 (Dec. 16, 2010), available at https://bioethicsarchive.georgetown.edu/pcsbi/sites/default/files/PCSBI-Synthetic-Biology-Report-12.16.10_0.pdf , visited at 2019/9/06.
(中文)
〔94〕 http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/getfile?source=2D838540F5D6F659FAFB9859EF31AC3B381A272F479D65D98D902DFAAFC2E1545A379C92CCE40D0EB88569D6506F13181589449D812F0DD03B91B9DF71659F0C&filename=4ECF16774C61B1A2781D404D8DED240E29BFFA985CCFB97F351E064AB1AF1DF7, visited at 2019/02/20.
〔95〕 https://lis.ly.gov.tw/lglawc/lawsingle?000E441601820000000000000000014000000004FFFFFD^01212094012100^00034001001 , visited at 2019/03/20.
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〔97〕 立法院公報,第100卷第83期,委員會紀錄,頁405。https://lis.ly.gov.tw/lgcgi/lypdftxt?xdd!cecac9c6cecdcbc8cecd81cecfcfcfc7cccfcec4cfccc9cbc4cfcbcccd , visited at 2019/03/20.
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〔99〕 https://lis.ly.gov.tw/lgcgi/lgmeetimage?cfc8cfc9cfcecfcdc5cdc7d2cccb , visited at 2019/03/20.
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〔102〕 立法院公報第100卷第86期院會紀錄。https://lis.ly.gov.tw/lgcgi/lypdftxt?xdd!cecac9c6cdcfcdcbc6c981cecfcfcfc7c9cfcec4cfcecfcac4cfcecacb, visited at 2019/03/20。審查報告(立法院議案關係文書,院總第1390號政府提案12161之1、委員提案第12717號之1),https://lis.ly.gov.tw/lgcgi/lgmeetimage?cfc8cfc7cecdc8c9c5cecccad2cec7cb, visited at 2019/03/20.
〔103〕 立法院公報第104卷第51期,頁472至477。第104卷第54期,頁24至29。

媒體部分:
〔104〕 兩岸人民同屬一祖先,白細胞抗原顯示台灣人與古越人基因樣本相同年,中國文匯報,2002。
〔105〕 林媽利血統研究,被轟搞分裂,中國東方日報,2002。
〔106〕 亞泥新城礦山後續報導-礦下的人,裂解的部落會議,報導者文化基金會。Available at https://www.twreporter.org/a/asia-cement-pain-continue-60-years, visited at 2019/9/06.

公文書
〔107〕 中華民國107年6月26日原住民委員會原民綜字第1070040314號函。立法院第9屆第6會期第13次會議議案關係文書,院總第887號政府提案第16100號之2569。
〔108〕 人體研究計畫諮詢取得原住民族同意與約定商業利益及其應用辦法諮詢會會議指導手冊,106年度申請作業規範暨諮詢會議指導手冊-核定版。Available at https://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/getfile?source=2D838540F5D6F659FAFB9859EF31AC3B381A272F479D65D98D902DFAAFC2E1546FCC4C43521FD2DF9C84ADE96E30DE92E737942F40A1A2D73B91B9DF71659F0C&filename=27E02C41F72935567980DBF06B17D77382C05DE8FB3D757F91DF7743111A29A905F4BCCED8DFF2C78610A8D7EBA8F51CD0636733C6861689, visited at 2019/12/06.
〔109〕 人體研究計畫諮詢取得原住民族同意與約定商業利益及其應用辦法諮詢會會議指導手冊,諮詢會議指導手冊-核定版。Available at https://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/docDetail.html?CID=82087F1947DD295C&DID=0C3331F0EBD318C244B1303C289532BF, visited at 2019/12/06.

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