This study presented the results on the properties of concretes with conventional concrete by using natural fine aggregate and recycled fine aggregate. Also, the influence of incorporating silica fume on high performance recycled aggregate concrete was investigated. The research uses recycled aggregates (RA) that classified as recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) and recycled fine aggregates (RFA). The RA were totally washed and the properties of RA were determined. The Densified Mixture Design Algorithm was applied to design the mix proportion for high performance recycled aggregate concrete with the same water to binder is 0.3 and the slump was in the range of 210-230 mm. The effect of replacement natural coarse aggregate (NCA) by recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) with percentages 0%, 30%, 100% was studied. In addition, the influence of incorporating silica fume (SF) on high performance recycled aggregate concrete were studied with percentages 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%. Test results indicated that the compressive strength of recycled aggregate concretes (RAC) were in the range of 43–57.5 MPa at age¬ of 28 days. Using the SF (5%) to replace the cement content was found to be an optimal value to create RAC with excellent durability and engineering properties. The durability performance of RAC mixtures by DMDA is excellent.

This study presented the results on the properties of concretes with conventional concrete by using natural fine aggregate and recycled fine aggregate. Also, the influence of incorporating silica fume on high performance recycled aggregate concrete was investigated. The research uses recycled aggregates (RA) that classified as recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) and recycled fine aggregates (RFA). The RA were totally washed and the properties of RA were determined. The Densified Mixture Design Algorithm was applied to design the mix proportion for high performance recycled aggregate concrete with the same water to binder is 0.3 and the slump was in the range of 210-230 mm. The effect of replacement natural coarse aggregate (NCA) by recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) with percentages 0%, 30%, 100% was studied. In addition, the influence of incorporating silica fume (SF) on high performance recycled aggregate concrete were studied with percentages 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%. Test results indicated that the compressive strength of recycled aggregate concretes (RAC) were in the range of 43–57.5 MPa at age¬ of 28 days. Using the SF (5%) to replace the cement content was found to be an optimal value to create RAC with excellent durability and engineering properties. The durability performance of RAC mixtures by DMDA is excellent.

[1] Lin, Y.H., Tyan, Y.Y, Chang, T.P., Chang C.Y. An Assessment of Optimal Mixture for Concrete Made With Recycled Concrete Aggregates. Cement and Concrete Research. 2004; 34:1373-80.
[2] Chen, H.J., Yen, T., Chen K.H. Use of Building Rubbles as Recycled Aggregates. Cement and Concrete Research. 2003; 33:125-32.
[3] Arora, S., Singh, S.P. Analysis of Flexural Fatigue Failure of Concrete Made with 100% Coarse Recycled Concrete Aggregates. Construction and Building Materials. 2016;102, Part 1:782-91.
[4] Ponikiewski, T., Gołaszewski, J. The Influence of High-Calcium Fly Ash on the Properties of Fresh and Hardened Self-Compacting Concrete and High Performance Self-Compacting Concrete. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2014; 72:212-21.
[5] Russell, H.G. ACI Defines High-Performance Concrete. Concrete International. February 1999; 21:56-7.
[6] Abukersh, S.A., Fairfield, C.A. Recycled Aggregate Concrete Produced with Red Granite Dust as A Partial Cement Replacement. Construction and Building Materials. 2011; 25:4088-94.
[7] Medina, C., Zhu, W., Howind, T., Sánchez de Rojas, M.I., Frías M. Influence of Mixed Recycled Aggregate On The Physical – Mechanical Properties of Recycled Concrete. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2014; 68:216-25.
[8] Lotfi, S., Eggimann, M., Wagner, E., Mróz R., Deja, J. Performance of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Based on A New Concrete Recycling Technology. Construction and Building Materials. 2015; 95:243-56.
[9] Diagne, M., Tinjum, J.M., Nokkaew, K. The Effects of Recycled Clay Brick Content On The Engineering Properties, Weathering Durability, and Resilient Modulus of Recycled Concrete Aggregate. Transportation Geotechnics. 2015; 3:15-23.
[10] Eguchi, K., Teranishi, K., Nakagome, A., Kishimoto, H., Shinozaki, K., Narikawa, M. Application of Recycled Coarse Aggregate by Mixture to Concrete Construction. Construction and Building Materials. 2007; 21:1542-51.
[11] Chen, J., Poon, C.S. Photocatalytic Activity of Titanium Dioxide Modified Concrete Materials – Influence of Utilizing Recycled Glass Cullets as Aggregates. Journal of Environmental Management. 2009; 90:3436-42.
[12] Kou, S.C., Poon, C.S. Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete Prepared with Coarse and Fine Recycled Concrete Aggregates. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2009; 31:622-7.
[13] Kou, S.C., Poon, C.S., Agrela, F. Comparisons of Natural and Recycled Aggregate Concretes Prepared with the Addition of Different Mineral Admixtures. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2011; 33:788-95.
[14] Tabsh, S.W., Abdelfatah, A.S. Influence of Recycled Concrete Aggregates on Strength Properties of Concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 2009; 23:1163-7.
[15] Tabsh, A.S. Review of Research on and Implementation of Recycled Concrete Aggregate in the GCC. Advances in Civil Engineering. 2011.
[16] Pedro, D., De Brito, J. Influence of the Use of Recycled Concrete Aggregates from Different Sources on Structural Concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 2014; 71:141-151.
[17] Radonjanin, V., Malešev, M., Marinković, S., Al Malty, A.E.S. Green Recycled Aggregate Concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 2013; 47:1503-11.
[18] Weggel, B.T. Construction and Demolition Waste Used as Recycled Aggregates in Concrete: Solutions For Increasing The Marketability of Recycled Aggregate Concrete. Concrete Sustainability Conference. 2010.
[19] Saif, F. Mechanical Properties of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Incorporating Silica Fume. in Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies. Coventry University and The University of Wisconsin Milwaukee Centre for By-products Utilization, Ancona, ItalyJune 2010.
[20] Gupta, Y.P. Use of Recycled Aggregate In Concrete Construction: A Need For Sustainable Environment. Our World in Concrete and Structures. Singapore 2009.
[21] Working Sub-Group on Construction and Demolition Waste. 16th April, 2009.
[22] Tu, T.Y., Chen, Y.Y., Hwang, C.L. Properties of HPC With Recycled Aggregates. Cement and Concrete Research. 2006; 36:943-50.
[23] Chang, C.Y., Huang, R., Lee, P.C., Weng, T.L. Application of a Weighted Grey-Taguchi Method for Optimizing Recycled Aggregate Concrete Mixtures. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2011; 33:1038-49.
[24] Hwang, C.L., Bui, L.A.T., Chen, C.T. Green Concrete for Sustainable Life-Cycle. Applied Mechanics and Materials. 2011; 99:1113-6.
[25] Tsai, C.T., Li, L.S., Chang, C.C., Hwang, C.L. Durability Design and Application of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete in Taiwan. The Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering. 2009; 34:57–9.
[26] Tesfamariam, M.G. The Study of the Effect of Fibers on the Properties of Self-Consolidating Concrete with Rice Husk Ash and Fly Ash. National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan. 2013.
[27] Bravo, M., de Brito, J., Pontes, J., Evangelista, L. Mechanical Performance of Concrete Made with Aggregates from Construction and Demolition Waste Recycling Plants. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2015; 99:59-74.
[28] Kou, S.C., Poon, C.S. Long-Term Mechanical and Durability Properties of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Prepared with the Incorporation of Fly Ash. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2013; 37:12-9.
[29] Evangelista, L., de Brito, J. Mechanical Behaviour of Concrete Made with Fine Recycled Concrete Aggregates. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2007; 29:397-401.
[30] Kou, S.C., Poon, C.S. Properties of Concrete Prepared with Crushed Fine Stone, Furnace Bottom Ash and Fine Recycled Aggregate as Fine Aggregates. Construction and Building Materials. 2009; 23:2877-86.
[31] Çakır, Ö., Sofyanlı, Ö.Ö. Influence of Silica Fume on Mechanical and Physical Properties of Recycled Aggregate Concrete. HBRC Journal. 2015; 11:157-66.
[32] Mukharjee, B.B., Barai, S.V. Influence of Nano-Silica on the Properties of Recycled Aggregate Concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 2014; 55:29-37.
[33] Mukharjee, B.B., Barai, S.V. Influence of Incorporation of Nano-Silica and Recycled Aggregates on Compressive Strength and Microstructure of Concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 2014; 71:570-8.
[34] Kou, S.C., Poon, C.S. Enhancing the Durability Properties of Concrete Prepared with Coarse Recycled Aggregate. Construction and Building Materials. 2012; 35:69-76.
[35] Soares, D., de Brito, J., Ferreira, J., Pacheco, J. Use of Coarse Recycled Aggregates from Precast Concrete Rejects: Mechanical and Durability Performance. Construction and Building Materials. 2014; 71:263-72.
[36] Andreu, G., Miren, E. Experimental Analysis of Properties of High Performance Recycled Aggregate Concrete. Construction and Building Materials. 2014; 52:227-35.
[37] Wang, H.Y. Durability of Self-Consolidating Lightweight Aggregate Concrete Using
Dredged Silt. Construction and Building Materials. 2009; 23:2332-7.
[38] Langford, P.B. Monitoring the Corrosion of Reinforcing Steel. Construction Repair. 1987; 1:32–6.
[39] Gonzalez-Corominas, A., Etxeberria, M. Properties of High Performance Concrete Made with Recycled Fine Ceramic and Coarse Mixed Aggregates. Construction and Building Materials. 2014; 68:618-26.
[40] Fan, C.C., Huang, R., Hwang, H., Chao, S.J. Properties of Concrete Incorporating Fine Recycled Aggregates From Crushed Concrete Wastes. Construction and Building Materials. 2016; 112:708-15.