改良式主動無線射頻辨系統設計｜國立臺灣科技大學博碩士論文系統

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研究生：	趙洪誠 Hung-Cheng Chao
論文名稱：	改良式主動無線射頻辨系統設計 Improvement of Active RF ID
指導教授：	張勝良 Sheng-Lyang Jang
口試委員:	徐敬文 C. W. Hsue 劉政光 C. K. Liu
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	電資學院 - 電子工程系 Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering
論文出版年：	2006
畢業學年度：	94
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	107
中文關鍵詞：	主動無線電識別、人員管制
外文關鍵詞：	Radio frequency identification, access control
相關次數：	點閱：169 下載：3
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中文摘要
無線電識別是未來幾年非常有前膽性的技術，尤其在零售領域，因其需更進步的技術可以節省成本。自動識別系統是一個未來方向，本文是針對其附加功能來提高其效益，尤其具彈性的Protocol 架構使得其應用無遠弗界。
本論文描述改良式主動無線電識別（RFID, radio frequency identification）晶片應用系統設計。論文中晶片模組是使用英商JENNIC的JN5121 ZigBee Chip其採用0.18μm RFCMOS製程。其內部採用32-Bit RISC CPU，並支援IEEE802.15.4 MAC Protocol， 64k bytes of ROM 以及96k Bytes of RAM 。
BaseBand其解調方式採用O-QPSK ，其加密方式採用 32 PN-Code modem, MAC protocol stack。
本研究探討利用ZigBee Module之低功率以及可串接相當於65K的 node 來延伸其感測距離,本Module 因其IP功能，可無限地延伸其偵測距離，使得應用上不因地形及天候影響其功能，可多層次應用於物系統，人員管制(Access Control) ，機場旅客進出管制以及重病患者管制。

Abstract
Radio frequency identification (RFID) is an up-and-coming technology that will be used in several different areas in a few years, especially in the retail market, where the competition is fierce and cost reduction is the holy mantra. RFID is one of the several technologies where the goal is to automatically identify goods with as little human intervention as possible. The subject of this thesis is to enhance the added -value of increasing function competition, especially flexible protocol design is suitable for many applications at infinite distance.
The major content of this thesis discusses a more improved function than traditional active RFID. The traditional RFID uses a fixed communication model for a limited distance, in this thesis we use the ZigBee’s protocol to improve the communication model for much longer transmit distance via star & mesh network.
In this thesis, we use the IC JN5121 developed by vendor JENNIC, the process of this chip is a standard 0.18μm RFCMOS process, this chip contains a 32-Bit RISC CPU, 64k bytes of ROM and 96k Bytes of RAM. After the IEEE802.15.4 MAC and a flexible protocol are loaded into the IC JN5121, the chip can be used as the network infrastructure.
The baseband passes to the spreading function which maps each unique 4-bit symbol to a 32-chip Pseudo-random Noise (PN) sequence. QPSK modulation and half-sine pulse shaping is applied to the resultant spreading sequence to produce two independent quadrature phase signals, I and Q. These modulated baseband signals are subsequently converted to an analogue voltage in the radio transmit path.
This thesis uses the merits of ZigBee module of low power consumption, over 65K node, and more flexible IP function. So we can extend the detection distance unlimitedly and modify the protocol on line. I believe this thesis will be more useful in the real world, not only in the retailed market but also useful in the worst circumstance as passage access control.

Contents
中文摘要	i
Abstract	ii
致謝	iv
Contents	v
List of Figures	viii
List of Tables	ix
CHAPTER 1   Introduction	10
1 Introduction	10
2 Background	10
3 The History of RFID	11
3.1. The Frequencies	12
3.2. Low Frequency	12
3.3. High Frequency	13
3.4. Ultra High Frequency	13
3.5. Microwave Frequency	14
3.6. The Standards	14
4 Thesis Organization	15
CHAPTER 2   RFID Basic Concept	17
1. The Basic Concept of RFID	17
2 Maxwell’s Equations and Electromagnetic Fundamentals	18
3. Impedance of Space	20
4 Coupling in the Near Field and Far Field	22
4.1 Near-Field Coupling	23
4.2. Resonance and Q	27
4.3. Load Modulation	28
4.4. Voltage Available to Load	28
4.5. Capacitive Coupling	29
4.6. Resonance and Load Modulation	30
4.7. Far-Field Coupling	31
4.8. Antenna Parameters	31
4.9. Transmission and Reception	34
4.10. Reader to Tag Transmission	34
4.11. Backscatter Modulation	36
5. Summary	37
CHAPTER 3  The Structure of Protocol	38
1.	General Description	43
1.1 Application Support Sub-layer	44
1.2. Application Framework	44
1.3. Direct Addressing	45
1.4. Indirect Addressing	45
1.5. Broadcast Addressing	46
1.6. Command Frames	48
2.	MAC Sublayer	51
3.	Summary	53
CHAPTER 4  Implementation in Real World	55
1. Introduction	55
2. Wireless Microcontroller	57
3. Wireless Transceiver	58
4. RISC CPU and Memory	59
5. System Clocks	59
6. Interrupt System	59
7. Wireless Transceiver	60
8. Microstrip 50 Ohm Impedance	62
9. PCB Design	63
10. Antenna Design	64
11. Software Architecture	66
11.1 Context, Interrupts and Callbacks	67
11.2 Application Queue API	69
11.3 bAppQApiInit	70
11.4 psAppQApiReadMlmeInd	72
11.5 psAppQApiReadHwInd	73
11.6 vAppQApiReturnMlmeIndBuffer	75
11.7 vAppQApiReturnMcpsIndBuffer	75
11.8 vAppQApiReturnHwIndBuffer	75
12. Data Transmission and Reception	76
12.1 Data Request	76
13. The Software Implementation	78
14. Summary	86
CHAPTER 5  Test & Measurement Procedure	87
1. Development Board Introduction	87
2. Test Environment Setup	87
2.1. Transmission Line Measurement	88
2.2. The Antenna Gain & Impedance Measurement	90
2.3. Matching Circuit Measurement	94
2.4. The Tx Power Measurement	96
3. Software implements Setup	99
4. The Benchmark of improved Active RFID	100
5. Summary	101
CHAPTER 6  Conclusion	102
References	104

                                

[1] B. Razavi, RF Microelectronics, Prentice Hall PTR, 1998.
[2] ZigBee Document 053474r06, Version 1.0
[3] Tom Are Pedersen and Jan Harald Hole Mortensen “Possible Use of RFID Technology in Support of Construction Logistics.
[4] TI Technique Document “ ISM-Band and Short Range Device Antennas”.
[5] Jennic publication datasheet” JN5121 IEEE802.15.4 wireless microcontroller”.
[6] www.phys.virginia.edu/classes/ 109N/more_stuff/Maxwell_Eq.html
[7] www.rfidjournal.com/article/articleview/1338/2/129/
[8] www.adtsecurity.com.au/__data/ age/37154/Performance_Lab_Aug_18_2004.pdf
[9] www.physics.sfsu.edu/~lea/courses/grad/waveguid.PDF
[10] whatis.techtarget.com/definition/ 0,,sid9_gci845268,00.html
[11] www.phys.unsw.edu.au/PHYS2939/ pdf/lecture2_Biot-Savart%20.pdf
[12] www.highfrequencyelectronics.com/ Archives/Jan04/HFE0104_RaabPart5.pdf
[13] airglow.csl.uiuc.edu/Teaching/CE329_Lecture12_Supplement.pdf
[14] An Analysis of the Fundamental Constraints on Low Cost Passive Radio-Frequency Identification System Design by B.S., Mechanical Engineering
[15] RFID Final Report by Stephanie Allen etc.
[16] CYGWIN is a Linux-like environment for Windows.
[17] Linux is a free Unix-type operating system
[18] Chapter 11.1 of web.mit.edu/6.013_book/www/chapter11/11.10.html

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