研究生: |
張正宏 Cheng-Hung Chang |
---|---|
論文名稱: |
利用電化學及理論計算探討新型含三苯胺之電致變色聚醯亞胺與聚醯胺之氧化機構 Electrochemical and Computational Oxidation Mechanism Investigation on Novel Electrochromic Polyimides and Polyamides Containing Di-triarylamine Moieties |
指導教授: |
廖德章
Der-Jang Liaw |
口試委員: |
李魁然
Kueir-Rarn Lee 李文福 Wen-Fu Lee |
學位類別: |
碩士 Master |
系所名稱: |
工程學院 - 化學工程系 Department of Chemical Engineering |
論文出版年: | 2010 |
畢業學年度: | 98 |
語文別: | 中文 |
論文頁數: | 70 |
中文關鍵詞: | 電致變色 、聚醯胺 、聚醯亞胺 |
外文關鍵詞: | electrochromic, polyamide, polyimide |
相關次數: | 點閱:268 下載:4 |
分享至: |
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報 |
本文利用新合成之二胺單體與二酸酐或二醯氯合成一系列新型含三苯胺之聚醯亞胺與聚醯胺。此二新型聚醯亞胺與聚醯安為非結晶型且可溶於許多有機溶劑如N,N-二甲基乙酰胺、N-甲基吡咯烷酮等。此兩種聚合物具有良好熱穩定性,其玻璃轉移溫度介於232-275度,10%熱烈解溫度超過500度。從循環伏安儀測得此兩種高分子膜塗佈於ITO玻璃具有兩個氧化還原電位分別介於 0.8-0.97V 及1.19-1.32V V。 此高分子薄膜展現電致變色特性,可從原本淡黃色變成綠色再變成藍色。
從循環伏安儀得知模型化合物M1 及M2 的氧化電位與其聚醯亞安及聚醯胺並不一致,可得知其氧化並非只從氮原子上所貢獻。在此,本論文結合理論計算觀點及實驗的結果,提出一種以分子軌道理論為基礎的氧化機構。
A series of novel triarylamine-containing aromatic polyimides and polyamides were synthesized by the novel diaimine monomer N,N,-bis(4-aminohenyl)-N΄,N΄-bis[4-(2-phenyl-2-isopropyl)phenyl]-1,4-phenylene- diamine to react with aromatic dianhydrides and diacid chlories respectively. All the polyimides and polyamides were amorphous and readily soluble in many organic solvents such as N,N-dimethylacetamide and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. They had useful levels of thermal stability associated with glass-transition temperatures 232-275 °C, 10% weight-loss temperatures in excess of 451 °C for polyamides and 500°C for polyimides in nitrogen. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) of these polymer films cast onto an indium-tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass substrate exhibited two reversible oxidation redox couples at potentials of 0.80-0.97 V and 1.19-1.32V, respectively, vs. Ag/Ag+ in acetonitrile solution. The polymer films revealed electrochromic characteristics, with a color change from pale yellowish neutral form to green and blue oxidized form.
The CV results of the model compound M1 and model M2, were not match to the oxidation peaks of polyimide and polyamide, indicating that the contribution of the oxidation was not only resulting from the electron removal of nitrogen atoms. Herein, from the combination of the experimental and computational study, we proposed an oxidation mechanism based on molecular orbital theory, which well explains the CV experimental result.
1.5 References
1. Cassidy, P. E. Thermally Stable Polymer; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1980; Chapter 4.
2. Wilson, D.; Stenzenberger, H. D.; Hergenrother, P. M. Polyimides; Blackie: London, 1990.
3. Liaw, D. J.; Chen, W. H.; Huang, C. C. Polyimides and Other High Temperature Polymers; Mittal, K. L., Ed.; VSP Publisher: Leiden, The Netherlands, 2003; Vol. 2, pp 47–70.
4. Liaw, D. J. Macromolecular Nanostructured Materials; Ueyama, N.; Harada, A., Eds.; Kodansha& Springer: Tokyo, 2004; Chapter 2.2, pp 80–100.
5. Hatke, W.; Schmidt, H. W.; Heitz, W. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym Chem 1991, 29, 1387.
6. Spiliopoulos, I. K.; Mikroyannidis J.A. Macromolecules 1998, 31,522.
7. Gaudiana, R. A.; Minns, R. A.; Sinta, R.; Weeks, N.; Rogers, H. G. Prog Polym Sci 1989, 14, 47.
8. Liaw, D. J.; Hsu, P. N.; Chen, W. H.; Lin, S. L. Macromolecules 2002, 35, 4669.
9. Liaw, D. J.; Chang, F. C.; Leung, M. K.; Chou, M. Y.; Muellen, K. Macromolecules 2005, 38, 4024.
10. Yong, S. K.; Jin, C. J. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem 2002, 40, 1764.
11. Kusama, M.; Matsumoto, T.; Kurosaki, T. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 1117.
12. Rabilloud G, editor. High-performance polymers 2: Polyquinoxalines and polyimides. Paris: Editions Technip; 1999. p. 199–250.
13. Jeong, H. J.; Oishi, Y. M.; Kakimoto, A.; Imai, Y. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 1990, 28, 3193.
14. Liaw, D. J.; Liaw, B. Y.; Hsu, P. N.; Hwang, C. Y. Chem Mater 2001, 13, 1811.
15. Chen, W.S.; Wang, K. L.; Liaw, D.J.; Lee, K.R.; Lai, J. Y. Macromolecules 2010 In press
16. Mortimer, R. J. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1997, 26, 147
17. Monk, P.M.S.; Mortimer, R.J.; Rosseinsky, D.R. Electrochromism and Electrochromic Devices.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK; 2007.
18. Meeker, D. L.; Mudigonda, D. S. K.; Osborn, J. M.; Loveday, D. C.; Ferraris, J. P. Macromolecules 1998, 31, 2943.
19. Cummins, D.; Boschloo, G.; Ryan, M.; Corr, D.; Rao, S.N.; Fitzmaurice, D. J Phys Chem B 2000, 104, 11449.
20. Heuer, H. W.; Wehrmann, R.; Kirchmeyer, S.. Adv Funct Mater 2002, 12, 89.
21. Sonmez, G.; Wudl, F. J Mater Chem 2005, 15, 20.
22. Rosseinsky, D. R.; Montimer, R. J. Adv Mater 2001, 13, 783.
23. Law, K. Y. Chem. Rev. 1993, 93, 499
24. Ling, Q. D.; Chang, F. C.; Song, Y.; Zhu, C. X.; Liaw, D. J.; Chan, D. S. H.; Kang, E. T.; Neoh, K. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 8732
25. Ling, Q. D.; Liaw, D. J.; Zhu, C. X.; Chan, D. S. H.; Kang, E. T.; Neoh, K.G. Progress in Polymer Science 2008, 33, 917
26. Ling, Q.D.; Liaw, D.J.; Teo, E.Y.H.; Zhu, C.X.; Chan, D. S.H.; Kang, E.T.; Neoh, K.G. Polymer 2007, 48, 5182
27. Mitschke, R. H.; Bauerle, P. J. Mater. Chem. 2000, 10, 1471
28. Forrest, S. R. Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 1793.
29. Marken, F.; Hayman, C. M.; Bulman Page, P. C. Electrochem.Commun. 2002, 4, 462.
30. Marken, F.; Webster, S. D.; Bull, S. D.; Davies, S. G. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1997, 437, 209.
31. Wadhawan, J. D.; Evans, R. G.; Banks, C. E.; Wilkins, S. J.;France, R. R.; Oldham, N. J.; Fairbanks, A. J.; Wood, B.;Walton, D. J.; Schroder, U.; Compton, R. G. J. Phys. Chem.B 2002, 106, 9619.
32. Davies, W. B.; Svec, W. A.; Ratner, M. A.; Wasielewski, M.R. Nature 1998, 396, 60
33. Monk, P.M.S.; Mortimer, R. J.; Rosseinsky, D. R. Electrochromism: Fundamentals and Applications; VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 1995.
34. Ito, A.; Ino, H.; Tanaka, K.; Kanemoto, K.; Kato, T. J. Org. Chem. 2002, 67, 491
35. Oishi, Y.; Ishida, M.; Kakimoto, M.; Imai, Y.; Kurosaki, T. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem 1992, 30, 1027
36. Li, W.M.; Li, S.H.; Zhang Q.Y.; Zhang, S.b. Macromolecules 2007, 40, 8205
37. Wu, H. Y.; Wang, K. L.; Liaw, D.J.; Lee, K.R.; Lai, J. Y. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem 2010 In press
38. Frisch, M. J.; Trucks, G. W.; Schlegel, H. B.; Scuseria, G. E.; Robb, M. A.; Cheeseman, J. R.; Montgomery, J. A.; Vreven, Jr., T.; Kudin, K. N.; Burant, J. C.; Millam, J. M.; Iyengar, S. S.; Tomasi, J.; Barone, V.; Mennucci, B.; Cossi, M.; Scalmani, G.; Rega, N.; Petersson, G. A.; Nakatsuji, H.; Hada, M.; Ehara, M.; Toyota, K.; Fukuda, R.; Hasegawa, J.; Ishida, M.; Nakajima, T.; Honda, Y.; Kitao, O.; Nakai, H.; Klene, M.; Li, X.; Knox, J. E.; Hratchian, H. P.; Cross, J. B.; Adamo, C.; Jaramillo, J.; Gomperts, R.; Stratmann, R. E.; Yazyev, O.; Austin, A. J.; Cammi, R.; Pomelli, C.; Ochterski, J. W.; Ayala, P. Y.; Morokuma, K.; Voth, G. A.; Salvador, P.; Dannenberg, J. J.; Zakrzewski, V. G.; Dapprich, S.; Daniels, A. D.; Strain, M. C.; Farkas, O.; Malick, D. K.; Rabuck, A. D.; Raghavachari, K.; Foresman, J. B.; Ortiz, J. V.; Cui, Q. ; Baboul, A. G. ; Clifford, S. ; Cioslowski, J. ; Stefanov, B. B. ; Liu, G. ; Liashenko, A. ; Piskorz, P. ; Komaromi, I.; Martin, R. L.; Fox, D. J.; Keith, T.; Al-Laham, M. A.; Peng, C. Y.; Nanayakkara, A.; Challacombe, M.; Gill, P. M. W.; Johnson, B.; Chen, W.; Wong, M. W.; Gonzalez, C.; Pople, J. A. Gaussian 03, Revision D. 02; Gaussian, Inc.: Wallingford, CT, 2004.
39. Hung, Y.C,; Jiang, J.C.; Chao, C.Y.; Su,W.F.; Lin, S.T. J. Phys. Chem. B 2009, 113, 8268
1. Yang, H. H. Kevlar Aramid Fiber; Wiley: New York, 1993.
2. J. Preston, “Polyamides Aromatic,” in Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, Vol. 11, Wiley, New York, 1988, p. 381.
3. Cassidy, P. E. Thermally Stable Polymer; Marcel Dekker; New York, 1980.
4. Liaw, D. J.; Chen, W. H.; Huang, C. C. Polyimides and Other High Temperature Polymers; Mittal, K. L., Ed.; VSP Publisher: Leiden, The Netherlands, 2003; Vol. 2, pp 47–70.
5. Liaw, D. J. Macromolecular Nanostructured Materials; Ueyama, N.; Harada, A., Eds.; Kodansha& Springer: Tokyo, 2004; Chapter 2.2, pp 80–100.
6. Yang, H. H. Aromatic High-Strength Fibers; Wiley: New York 1989, pp 66–289.
7. Gaudiana, R. A.; Minns, R. A.; Sinta, R.;, Weeks, N.; Rogers, H. G.. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1989, 14, 47.
8. Liaw, D. J.; Liaw, B. Y.; Yang, C. M. Macromolecules 1999, 32, 7248.
9. Chou, C. H.; Reddy, D. S.; Shu, C. F.; J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 2002, 40, 3615.
10. Wu, S. C.; Shu, C. F.; J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 2003, 41, 1160.
11. Liaw, D. J.; Liaw, B.Y.; Chen. J. R.; Yang, C. M. Macromolecules 1999, 32, 6860
12. Liu, B.; Hu, W.; Matsumoto, T.; Jiang, Z.; Ando, S. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 2005, 43, 3018.
13. Liaw, D. J. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 2005, 43, 4559.
14. Liaw, D. J.; Chang, F. C.; Leung, M. K.; Chou, M. Y.; Muellen, K. Macromolecules 2005, 38, 4024.
15. Rabilloud G, editor. High-performance polymers 2: Polyquinoxalines and polyimides. Paris: Editions Technip; 1999. p. 199–250
16. Liaw, D. J. Hsu, P. N.; Chen, W. H.; Lin, S. L. Macromolecules 2002, 35, 4669.
17. Chen, W.S.; Wang, K. L.; Liaw, D.J.; Lee, K.R.; Lai, J. Y. Macromolecules 2010 In press
18. Monk, P. M. S.; Mortimer, R. J.; Rosseinsky, D. R. Electrochromism: Fundamentals and Applications; VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 1995.
19. Monk, P. M. S.; Mortimer, R. J.; Rosseinsky, D. R. Electrochromism and Electrochromic Devices; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2007.
20. Argun, A. A.; Aubert, P. H.; Thompson, B. C.; Schwendeman, I.; Gaupp, C. L.; Hwang, J.; Pinto, N. J.; Tanner, D. B.; MacDiarmid, A. G.; Reynolds, J. R. Chem Mater 2004, 16, 4401
21. Vickers, S.J.; Ward, M.D. Electrochem Commun 2005, 7,389
22. Wang, S.; Todd, E. K.; Birau, M.; Zhang, J.; Wan, X.; Wang, Z. Y. Chem. Mater. 2005, 17, 6388
23. Qi, Y.; Wang, Z.Y. Macromolecules 2003, 36, 3146.
24. Qiao,W.; Zheng, J.; Wang,Y.; Zheng,Y.; Song, N.;Wan, X.;Wang, Z.Y. Org.Lett. 2008, 10, 641.
25. Dyer, A.L.; Grenier, C.R.G.; Reynolds, J.R. Adv Funct Mater 2007, 17, 1480.
26. Schwendeman, I.; Hwang, J.; Welsh, D.M.; Tanner, D.B.; Reynolds, J.R.; Adv Mater 2001, 13, 634.
27. Ito, A.; Ino, H.; Tanaka, K.; Kanemoto, K.; Kato, T. J. Org. Chem. 2002, 67, 491
28. Oishi Y, Takado H, Yoneyama M, Kakimoto M, Imai Y. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 1990, 28, 1763.
29. Wu, H. Y.; Wang, K. L.; Liaw, D.J.; Lee, K.R.; Lai, J. Y. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem 2010 In press
30. Frisch, M. J.; Trucks, G. W.; Schlegel, H. B.; Scuseria, G. E.; Robb, M. A.; Cheeseman, J. R.; Montgomery, J. A.; Vreven, Jr., T.; Kudin, K. N.; Burant, J. C.; Millam, J. M.; Iyengar, S. S.; Tomasi, J.; Barone, V.; Mennucci, B.; Cossi, M.; Scalmani, G.; Rega, N.; Petersson, G. A.; Nakatsuji, H.; Hada, M.; Ehara, M.; Toyota, K.; Fukuda, R.; Hasegawa, J.; Ishida, M.; Nakajima, T.; Honda, Y.; Kitao, O.; Nakai, H.; Klene, M.; Li, X.; Knox, J. E.; Hratchian, H. P.; Cross, J. B.; Adamo, C.; Jaramillo, J.; Gomperts, R.; Stratmann, R. E.; Yazyev, O.; Austin, A. J.; Cammi, R.; Pomelli, C.; Ochterski, J. W.; Ayala, P. Y.; Morokuma, K.; Voth, G. A.; Salvador, P.; Dannenberg, J. J.; Zakrzewski, V. G.; Dapprich, S.; Daniels, A. D.; Strain, M. C.; Farkas, O.; Malick, D. K.; Rabuck, A. D.; Raghavachari, K.; Foresman, J. B.; Ortiz, J. V.; Cui, Q. ; Baboul, A. G. ; Clifford, S. ; Cioslowski, J. ; Stefanov, B. B. ; Liu, G. ; Liashenko, A. ; Piskorz, P. ; Komaromi, I.; Martin, R. L.; Fox, D. J.; Keith, T.; Al-Laham, M. A.; Peng, C. Y.; Nanayakkara, A.; Challacombe, M.; Gill, P. M. W.; Johnson, B.; Chen, W.; Wong, M. W.; Gonzalez, C.; Pople, J. A. Gaussian 03, Revision D.02; Gaussian, Inc.: Wallingford, CT, 2004.
31. Hung, Y.C,; Jiang, J.C.; Chao, C.Y.; Su,W.F.; Lin, S.T. J. Phys. Chem. B 2009, 113, 8268