The adaptation of avian feathers as building façade is an attempt to solve architectural problems, such as radiation exposure, heat gain, and excessive building energy consumption, by mimicking the shapes and functions of bird feathers. Being geographically close to the equatorial belt, Jakarta receives abundant sunlight and solar radiation throughout the year. As a result, many buildings struggle to control and even minimize these problems.
Different parameters, movement combinations, and their performance are studied and tested as building façade. It is observed that there is a strong correlation between the façade’s ability to reduce total solar radiation with the percentage of total regularly occupied area which is provided with quality views. When the building façade exhibits higher performance in solar radiation reduction, it also exhibits a lower percentage of total area with quality views. Nevertheless, results show that for the context of a high-rise office building in tropical climate, such as Jakarta, the optimum panel vertical movements to both reduce solar radiation and achieve a higher percentage of area with quality views are at 45˚ to 60˚, and in combination with 15˚ of panel horizontal movement. Moreover, the building façade could also potentially serve as Photovoltaic panels. In conclusion, the adaptation of avian feathers as contextual and responsive building façade can help improve overall building performance and energy consumption.

61 Beautiful and Interesting Birds in Nature. (2019). Retrieved June 10, 2020, from Sciliy: https://www.sciliy.com/3096/61-beautiful-and-interesting-birds-in-nature/21/
The Only Parrot That Can't Fly - Kakapo. (2019). Retrieved June 10, 2020, from TriviaFeed: https://triviafeed.net/the-only-parrot-that-cant-fly-kakapo/
Aldawi, F., Alam, F., Khan, I., & Alghamdi, M. (2013). Effects of Climates and Building Materials on House Wall Thermal Performance. Procedia Engineering 56, 661-666.
Altomonte, S. (2008). Daylight for Energy Savings and Psycho-Physiological Well-Being in Sustainable Built Environments. Journal of Sustainable Development, Vol. 1, No. 3.
Andapita, V. (2019, March 19). In Jakarta, kampungs coexist with skyscrapers. Retrieved December 23, 2019, from The Jakarta Post: from https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/03/19/in-jakarta-kampungs-coexist-with-skyscrapers.html
ASHRAE. (2004). ANSI/ASHRAE 55-2004. Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy. Atlanta, USA.
ASHRAE Standard 55. (2003). Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy.
Bailleul, R., Curantz, C., Desmaquet-Trin, D., Hidalgo, M., Touboul, J., & Manceau, M. (2019). Symmetry Breaking in the Embryonic Skin Triggers Directional and Sequential Plumage Patterning. PLoS Biol. 17(10).
Balaji, N. C., Mani, M., & Reddy, V. (n.d.). Thermal Performance of the Building Walls. Bangalore, India: Indian Institute of Science.
Bald Eagle. (n.d.). Retrieved June 10, 2020, from Pixabay: https://pixabay.com/photos/bald-eagle-eagle-bald-perched-981622/
Bougdah, H., & Sharples, S. (2010). Environment, Technology and Sustainability. Technologies of Architecture, Vol. 2 Taylor & Francis.
Brake, A. G. (2015, July 14). Henning Larsen's University Building Has a Facade That Moves in Response to Changing Heat and Light. Retrieved November 25, 2019, from Dezeen: https://www.dezeen.com/2015/07/14/henning-larsen-syddansk-universitet-sdu-kolding-campus-building-denmark-green-standards-university/
Brunekreef, B., & Holgate, S. T. (2002). Air Pollution and Health. Lancet, 360.
Building and Construction Authority. (2010). Building Planning and Massing. Singapore: The Centre of Sustainable Buildings and Construction, Building and Construction Authority.
Cilento, K. (2012, September 5). Al Bahar Towers Responsive Facade / Aedas. Retrieved November 20, 2019, from Archdaily: https://www.archdaily.com/270592/al-bahar-towers-responsive-facade-aedas
Cincinelli, A., & Martellini, T. (2017). Indoor Air Quality and Health. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, Vol. 14.
Clench, M. H. (1970). Variability in Body Pterylosis with Special Reference to the Genus Passer. Auk 87, 650-691.
Curvert. (2020). Retrieved May 12, 2020, from https://www.curvert.com/en/idr-usd/1115
Emporis. (2019). High-rise buildings in Jakarta. Retrieved December 23, 2019, from https://www.emporis.com/city/100259/jakarta-indonesia/type/HighRiseBuilding
Emporis. (2019). Jakarta. Retrieved December 23, 2019, from https://www.emporis.com/city/100259/jakarta-indonesia
Emporis. (2019). Skyscrapers in Jakarta. Retrieved December 23, 2019, from https://www.emporis.com/city/100259/jakarta-indonesia/type/skyscrapers
Etheridge, D. W. (2010). Materials for Energy Efficiency and Thermal Comfort in Buildings. Woodhead Publishing Ltd.
Fathana, A. A. (2016, March 22). Ternyata, Gedung di Jakarta Lebih Boros daripada Jepang . Retrieved June 21, 2020, from Kompas: https://sains.kompas.com/read/2016/03/22/07462781/Ternyata.Gedung.di.Jakarta.Lebih.Boros.Listrik.daripada.Jepang?page=all
Frearson, A. (2014, April 30). UNStudio's Dynamic Facade WIll Control Indoor Climate for Seoul Tower. Retrieved November 20, 2019, from Dezeen: https://www.dezeen.com/2014/04/30/hanwha-hq-seoul-unstudio-dynamic-facade/
Gaisma. (n.d.). Jakarta, Indonesia - sun path diagram. Retrieved December 16, 2019, from https://www.gaisma.com/en/location/jakarta.html
Giraldo, M., Parra, J., & Stavenga, D. (2018). Iridescent colouration of male Anna's hummingbird (Calypte anna) caused by multilayered barbules. Journal of Comparative Physiology, Vol. 204, 965-975.
Henning Larsen. (2014). Archdaily. Retrieved November 25, 2019, from https://www.archdaily.com/590576/sdu-campus-kolding-henning-larsen-architects
Ho, W. K., Freem, L., Zhao, D., Painter, K. J., Woolley, T. E., Gaffney, E. A., et al. (2019). Feather Arrays are Patterned by Interacting Signalling and Cell Density Waves. PLoS Biol. 17(2).
Jiang, T. X., & et al. (2004). Integument Pattern Formation Involves Genetic and Epigenetic Controls: Feather Arrays Simulated by Digital Hormone Models. Int. J. Dev. Biol., Vol. 48, 117-136.
JSWD Architetken + Chaix & Morel et Associés. (2010). Archdaily. Retrieved October 24, 2019, from https://www.archdaily.com/326747/q1-thyssenkrupp-quarter-essen-jswd-architekten-chaix-morel-et-associes
Jung, H. S., & et al. (1998). Local Inhibitory Action of BMPs and Their Relationships with Activators in Feather Formation: Implications for Periodic Patterning. Dev. Biol. 196, 11-23.
Khouri, C. (2018, June 19). Justice and Emergency Services Precinct. Retrieved October 24, 2019, from Architecture Now: from https://architecturenow.co.nz/articles/justice-and-emergency-services-precinct/
Kinoshita, S., Yoshioka, S., & Miyazaki, J. (2008). Physics of Structural Colors. Reports on Progress in Physics, 71. UK: IOP Publishing Ltd.
Klappenbach, L. (2019, February 13). Feather Anatomy and Function. Retrieved October 8, 2019, from ThoughtCo: https://www.thoughtco.com/feather-anatomy-and-function-129577
Knippers, J., Scheible, F., Oppe, M., & Jungjohann, H. (2012). Bio-inspired Kinetic GFRP-facade for the Thematic Pavilion of the EXPO 2012 in Yeosu. IASS-APCS Symposium 2012: From Spatial Structures to Space Structures. Korea.
Koenigsberger, O. H., Ingersoll, T. G., Mayhew, A., & Szokolay, S. V. (1973). Manual of Tropical Housing and Building: Climatic Design. University Press.
Kolokotroni, M., & et al. (2004). Environmental Analysis for Typical Office Facades. Building Research and Information 32(1).
KPF. (2018). Archdaily. Retrieved December 23, 2019, from https://www.archdaily.com/463217/sequis-centre-tower-kpf
Kramer, E., & Palmer, W. (n.d.). Building Jakarta. Retrieved December 23, 2019, from Inside Indonesia: https://www.insideindonesia.org/building-jakarta
Kubota, T., Higashi, O., & Surahman, U. (2014). A Comparative Analysis of Household Energy Consumption in Jakarta and Bandung. 30th International Conference on Pasive and Low Energy Architecture (PLEA 2014).
Ladybug. (2020). Retrieved May 10, 2020, from https://www.ladybug.tools/epwmap/
Latitude and Longitude of Indonesia. (n.d.). Retrieved November 26, 2019, from https://latitude.to/map/id/indonesia
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design. (2014). Reference Guide for Building Design and Construction. Washington DC: U.S. Green Building Council.
Li, Y. F. (2018). The Synergistic Effects of Thermal Environment and Visibility Upon the Popularity of Street Retail Area - A Case Study of a Retail Arcade in Guangzhou. Georgia, USA: Georgia Institute of Technology.
Marzban, S., Ding, L., & Fiorito, F. (2017). An Evolutionary Approach to Single-Sided Ventilated Facade Design. Procedia Engineering, Vol. 180, 582-590.
MAYU architects+. (2015). Archdaily. Retrieved October 24, 2019, from https://www.archdaily.com/867484/tainan-tung-men-holiness-church-mayu-architects-plus?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all
Mazzolenni, I. (2013). Architecture Follows Nature: Biomimetic Principles for Innovative Design. CRC Press.
McDonald, L. (2016, December 12). Kakapo Cloak Design Transforms Justice and Emergency Services Precinct Car Park. Retrieved October 24, 2019, from StuffNZ: https://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/christchurch-life/87462690/kakapo-cloak-design-transforms-justice-and-emergency-services-precinct-car-park
McFarquhar, D. (2012, April 2). The Role of Building Facade - Curtain Walls. Retrieved November 12, 2019, from https://www.brikbase.org/sites/default/files/10.mcfarquhar.pdf
Mohamad, G. S., & et al. (2019, December 11). Indonesia. Retrieved December 16, 2019, from https://www.britannica.com/place/Indonesia/Justice
Musa, B. (2015). Effect of Bio-Fiber Waste Addition on Specifications of Epoxy Composite. Iraqi Journal of Applied Physics, 21-24.
Ned Kahn. (n.d.). Feather Wall. Retrieved October 24, 2019, from from http://nedkahn.com/portfolio/feather-wall
NOAO. (n.d.). Recommended Light Levels. Retrieved October 21, 2019, from https://www.noao.edu/education/QLTkit/ACTIVITY_Documents/Safety/LightLevels_outdoor+indoor.pdf
OpenStreetMap. (2020). Retrieved May 14, 2020, from https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=16/-6.1820/106.8217
Parker, A. R. (2000). 515 Million Years of Structural Color. J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 2, R15-R28.
Phillips, A. (2018, September 25). Biomimicry: Emulating Birds & Nature. Retrieved October 8, 2019, from http://www.birdseyebirding.com/2018/09/25/biomimicry-birds-emulate-nature/
Powell, D. (2011, October 18). Pillars of Design. Retrieved May 9, 2020, from Urban Land: https://urbanland.uli.org/development-business/pillars-of-design/
Rockpanel. (2017). Retrieved May 31, 2020, from https://www.rockpanel.co.uk/products-overview/design-facades/rockpanel-chameleon/?selectedCat=documentation#Description
Sarah. (2012, May 25). "One Ocean's" Kinetic Facade. Retrieved November 20, 2019, from Composites and Architecture: http://compositesandarchitecture.com/?p=68
SteelConstruction.info. (n.d.). Retrieved May 9, 2020, from https://www.steelconstruction.info/Concept_design
Sulaiman, S. R. (2019, January 4). No electricity price increase in Q1, official says. Retrieved May 12, 2020, from The Jakarta Post: https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/01/04/no-electricity-price-increase-in-q1-official-says.html
Sullivan, T. N., Hung, T. T., Velasco-Hogan, A., & Meyers, M. A. (2019). Bioinspired Avian Feather Designs. Materials, Science and Engineering C 105. Elsevier.
Sun, J. Y., Bhusan, B., & Tong, J. (2013). Structural Coloration in Nature. RSC Advances, Vol. 3, 14862-14889.
Thompson, M. (2014). Everything You Need To Know About Feathers. Retrieved October 8, 2019, from https://academy.allaboutbirds.org/feathers-article/2/
Ulgen, K. (2002). Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Effects of Wall's Thermophysical Properties on Time Lag and Decrement Factor. Energy and Buildings 34(3), 273-278.
UNStudio. (n.d.). Hanhwa Headquarters Remodelling. Retrieved November 20, 2019, from https://www.unstudio.com/en/page/11994/hanwha-headquarters-remodelling
Van Grouw, H. (n.d.). The Structure of Feathers: Simple As Well AS Brilliant. Retrieved November 12, 2019, from https://icon.org.uk/system/files/documents/hein_van_grouw_the_structure_of_feathers_simple_as_well_as_brilliant.pdf
van Straaten, J. F. (1967). Thermal Performance of Buildings. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Publishing Company.
Weather Spark. (2019). Average Weather in Jakarta. Retrieved December 16, 2019, from https://weatherspark.com/y/116847/Average-Weather-in-Jakarta-Indonesia-Year-Round#Sections-Humidity
Williams, E. (n.d.). Architects and Artists Creating Functional Art: The Feather Wall by Ned Kahn. Retrieved October 24, 2019, from Overland Partners: from https://blog.overlandpartners.com/architects-artists-creating-functional-art-feather-wall-ned-kahn/
Williamson, S. L. (2015, October 3). Anna's Hummingbird gorget. Retrieved June 10, 2020, from Flickr: https://www.flickr.com/photos/tzunun/21715578338
Yang, L., Yan, H., & Lam, J. C. (2013). Thermal Comfort and Building Energy Consumption Implications - A Review. Applied Energy 115, 164-173.
Yellow and blue macaw feathers stock photo. (n.d.). Retrieved June 10, 2020, from iStock by Getty Images: https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/yellow-and-blue-macaw-feathers-gm155146030-18425690
Zimmer, L. (2011). Germany's Q1 Building Boasts a Dazzling Facade of 400,000 Metal "Feathers". Retrieved October 24, 2019, from Inhabitat: https://inhabitat.com/germanys-q1-building-boasts-a-dazzling-facade-of-400000-metal-feathers/