基於AISC穩定性分析與設計規範之抗彎矩構架二階效應分析研究

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研究生：	KELVIN KELVIN
論文名稱：	基於AISC穩定性分析與設計規範之抗彎矩構架二階效應分析研究 Analytical Investigations of the Second-order effects of Moment Resisting Frames upon the Stability Analysis and Design of AISC Specifications
指導教授：	蕭博謙 Po-Chien Hsiao
口試委員:	汪向榮 Shiang-Jung Wang 陳沛清 Pei-Ching Chen
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	工程學院 - 營建工程系 Department of Civil and Construction Engineering
論文出版年：	2023
畢業學年度：	112
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	320
外文關鍵詞：	effective length method, direct analysis method, geometric imperfection, out-of-plumbness, out-of-straightness, stiffness-reduction, FEMA 355C
相關次數：	點閱：39 下載：3
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Nowadays, the attention of the stability issue of a building has been gotten more attentions. To compensate this, the current AISC provision, AISC 360-22, has required engineer to perform stability analysis while designing the building. AISC has provided two methods that are commonly known: the Effective Length Method (ELM) and the Direct Analysis Method (DAM). The difference between those methods lies in their corresponding requirements either analysis stage or individual member strength check. For instance, during the analysis, DAM needed to combine a reduction in stiffness for all of the members and include geometric imperfection, while ELM consider to include geometric imperfection. The aforementioned combination of requirements may lead to a redistribution of load and may change the internal force distributions. Therefore, a parametric study of how much the internal forces is amplified due to geometric imperfection (out-of-plumbness and out-of-straightness) and the second-order effect due to stiffness reduction is quantified in this study. In addition, the strength assessment of these two methods is discussed too. This study includes a total of 12 building cases of SAC model buildings with varying heights: 3-, 9- and 20-stories, 2 locations and two designs which are Pre- and Post-Northridge.

Abstract  i
Acknowledgment  ii
Table of Contents  iii
List of Abbreviation and Notations  vi
List of Figures  xiii
List of Tables  xix

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION  1
1.1.	Research Background.  1
1.2.	Research Motivation.  2
1.3.	Research Objectives.  4
1.4.	Structure of the Thesis.  4

CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW  5
2.1.	Complexities in Structural Stability Analysis.  5
2.2.	Related Research Analysis on Second-order Effects.  5
2.3.	Specification of AISC 360-22.  7
2.3.1.	Effective Length Method (ELM).  7
2.3.2.	Direct Analysis Method (DAM).  11
2.3.3.	Member Design Difference between ELM and DAM.  14
2.3.4.	Comparison between ELM and DAM.  16

CHAPTER 3 : ANALYTICAL STUDY PROGRAM.  19
3.1.	Introduction.  19
3.2.	SAC Model Buildings.  20
3.3.	Numerical Modellings.  25
3.3.1.	Applied Loads.  27
3.3.2.	Modal Characteristics.  28
3.3.3.	Modelling of the Geometric Imperfections.  31
3.3.4.	Frame Out-of-Plumbness.  31
3.3.5.	Member Out-of-Straightness.  40

CHAPTER 4 : EVALUATIONS OF THE SECOND-ORDER EFFECTS  45
4.1.	Evaluate the Individual Second-Order Effects.  45
4.1.1.	Effect of Adding a Leaning Column.  45
4.1.2.	Effect of Adding Stiffness Reduction (SR).  52
4.1.3.	Effect of Adding Geometric Imperfections: Out-Of-Plumbness (OOP).  60
4.1.4.	Effect of Adding Geometric Imperfections: Out-Of-Straightness (OOS).  77
4.2.	Evaluate The Second-Order Effects of Combined Action.  80
4.3.	Unique Situations and Possible Factors Affecting the P-Δ Effect.  88
4.4.	Evaluation of Effective Length Method (ELM) and Direct Analysis Method (DAM).  93
4.4.1.	Internal force demand assessments of two approaches.  93
4.4.2.	Resulting design assessment by two approaches.  104

CHAPTER 5 : CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION  109
5.1.	Conclusions.  109
5.2.	Suggestions for future work.  111

REFERENCES  113

APPENDIX A: Member sizes of the SAC building  115 

APPENDIX B: The effect of adding stiffness reduction (SR) factor  123

APPENDIX C: The effect of adding out-of-plumbness (OOP)  129

APPENDIX D: The effect of adding out-of-straightness (OOS)  171

APPENDIX E: Amplification and superposition effect for every building cases  189

APPENDIX F: The second-order effects comparison between ELM and DAM  261

APPENDIX G: Quantifying the discrepancy of the second-order effects between ELM and DAM  283

APPENDIX H: Axial load ratio distribution due to adding stiffness reduction (SR)  293

APPENDIX I: Axial load ratio distribution due to adding uniform out-of-plumbness (OOP)  295

APPENDIX J: Axial load ratio distribution of combined action of stiffness reduction (SR) and explicit (Exp) uniform out-of-plumbness (OOP)  301

APPENDIX K: Axial load ratio distribution of combined action of stiffness reduction (SR) and implicit (Imp) uniform out-of-plumbness (OOP)  311
                                

[1] AISC, “Specification for Structural Steel Buildings,” 2022.
[2] R. D. Ziemian, “Guide to stability design criteria for metal structures / edited by Ronald D. Ziemian. - 6th ed,” 2010
[3] E.L. Wilson, M. EERI, and A. Habibullah, “Static and Dynamic Analysis of Multi-Story Buildings, Including P-Delta Effects,” 1987.
[4] G. A. MacRae, “P - Delta Effects on SDOF in earthquakes,” 1994.
[5] F. Ai-Mashary and W. F. Chen, “Elastic Second-Order Analysis for Frame Design,” 1990.
[6] J. A. Yura, “The Effective Length of Columns in Unbraced Frames,” 1971.
[7] T. V. Galambos and A. E. Surovek, Structural stability of steel: concepts and applications for structural engineers. John Wiley & Sons, 2008.
[8] A. E. Maleck, “Second-Order Inelastic and Modified Elastic Analysis and Design Evaluation of Planar Steel Frames,” 2001.
[9] “Federal Emergency Management Agency, State of the Art Report on Systems Performance of Steel Moment Frames Subject to Earthquake Ground Shaking,” SAC Joint Venture, 2000.
[10] S. Mazzoni, F. Mckenna, M. H. Scott, and G. L. Fenves, “Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (OpenSees) OpenSees Command Language Manual,” 2006.
[11] Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2021.
[12] ANSI/AISC 303-22, “Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges,” 2022.
[13] L. G. Griffis and D. W. White, “Steel Design Guide 28: Stability Design of Steel Buildings,” 2013.

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