本研究致力於合成具有高分散性的釕金屬負載孔洞材料，根據基材的不同可分成兩個系列，分別使用中孔碳與金屬氧化物為基材以進行製備。第一系列，於孔洞精碳負載釕金屬中，利用奈米鑄造法以SBA-15為模板、瀝青類碳分子為碳源並置入釕金屬前驅物，使得合成後的釕金屬可能因其所含的電子組態，與瀝青類碳分子於高溫碳化時之π-π stacking所引導的特殊自組裝與相互作用以均勻分散於材料中，於此研究稱為S-MP-Ru系列。第二系列，以金屬氧化物為基材並引進釕金屬前驅物所形成之孔洞鎂鋁矽複合氧化物，以無結構導向劑合成法於特定pH值下共沉澱，再以450 °C進行氫氣還原形成r-Tal-Ru。
本研究進一步使用氣體吸附/脫附儀(Gas adsorption/desorption isotherm)進行測量以探討負載釕金屬之材料的孔洞結構，S-MP-Ru系列呈現第IV(b)型等溫吸脫附曲線，表示材料屬於中孔洞，r-Tal-Ru系列具有第IV(a)型等溫吸脫附曲線、H2(a)型遲滯曲線，表示其孔洞可能為墨水瓶狀或為管徑分布較不均一的中孔洞。亦經二氧化碳吸脫附分析顯示材料具有二氧化碳吸附能力，且二氧化碳吸附數據經擬合後Freundlich model的R2值較Langmuir model高，表示二氧化碳吸附於異質性表面且可能為非理想的過程。最後，將釕金屬負載孔洞材料使用穿透式電子顯微鏡(Transmission electron microscope, TEM)測量，經影像證實S-MP-Ru系列與r-Tal-Ru系列之釕金屬高度分散於材料中。本研究成功發展出高分散性的釕金屬負載孔洞材料，期望未來能應用於電化學與生質能轉換等領域，並同時促進綠能產業及永續發展。

In this study, we reported the synthesis and characterization of highly dispersed ruthenium-containing mesoporous carbon and metal composite oxides. Carbon-supported ruthenium nanoparticles, denoted as S-MP-Ru, was prepared by nanocasting process using SBA-15 as template, and pitch-based carbon as carbon precursor. This pitch-based carbon underwent a self-assembly process at high carbonization temperature to give well-ordered mesoporous carbon with uniformly dispersed ruthenium nanoparticles in S-MP-Ru. We believe that the presence of high π electrons on the carbon support stabilize the ruthenium nanoparticles through dative bond formation. On the other hand, to extend the synthesis of the ruthenium based catalysts, we also developed mesoporous Mg-Al-Si supported ruthenium, denoted as r-Tal-Ru, without using any structure directing agent by a facile co-precipitation at tuned pH, followed by thermal reduction under H2 flow at 450 °C.
To understand the pore nature and the distribution of ruthenium nanoparticles, we empolyed N2, Ar and CO2 sorption, and TEM measurement. The N2 sorption isotherm of S-MP-Ru could be classified into type IV(b), indicating the presence of mesopores. Whereas, the Ar sorption isotherm profile of r-Tal-Ru presented the type IV(a) isotherms comprising of a type H2(a) hysteresis loop, which revealed that material could possess the ink-bottle like mesoporous texture or non-uniform mesopores. The CO2 sorption isotherm showed that S-MP-Ru and r-Tal-Ru exhibited noticeable CO2 adsorption capacity and the isotherms were derived to fit simple adsorption models i,e. Freundlich and Langmuir. The results showed that the CO2 adsorption dynamics was better situated to the Freundlich model than Langmuir model. Hence, it inferred that a non-ideal CO2 adsorption occurred on surface with high heterogeneity. In addition, TEM micrographs presented that ruthenium nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed in S-MP-Ru and r-Tal-Ru. In conclusion, we have rationally designed the highly dispersed ruthenium-containing mesoporous materials, which might have a great potential for various catalytic applications such as CO2 hydrogenation and biomass valorization.

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