過去工作不滿意的行為反應之研究，以Farrell(1983)所提出的EVLN(exit, voice, loyalty, neglect)模型最具代表性，此模型指出，員工在不滿意的狀態下，會採取離開、建言、忠誠、忽略等行為。其中又以建言最為重要，企業員工們主動積極展現建言行為，對促進組織經營績效是有幫助的，員工的建言亦可視為管理者與員工間重要的溝通橋樑，因此建言行為是本研究的重點。

但觀察真實企業實務情形，並非所有對工作不滿意的員工均會表現出建言的行為，有些員工仍是選擇沉默因應或是事不關己的冷漠。因此，本文的主要研究出發點，採用量化實證研究方法，來探討在員工不滿意而產生建言行為的情境下，納入自我效能與犬儒主義二項變項，以觀察Farrell(1983)研究中所論述的員工不滿意與員工建言行為之正向關係，會否將受到自我效能與犬儒主義二變數的影響。

本研究以問卷調查方式進行，研究對象為一般在職的工作者，共回收225份有效問卷，透過階層迴歸分析後，得到以下結論：

1. 工作不滿意與員工建言行為有顯著正面關係。
2. 自我效能會調節工作不滿意與員工建言行為之間的關係，當員工自我效能愈高，員工知覺工作不滿意與員工建言行為之間正向關係愈強。
3. 犬儒主義會調節工作不滿意與員工建言行為之間的關係，當員工的犬儒主義愈高，員工知覺工作不滿意與員工建言行為之間正向關係愈弱。

In the past research, the study related to job dissatisfaction, the EVLN model is the most famous theoretical framework. The EVLN model may lead to four kinds of reaction to job dissatisfaction: exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect(Farrell, 1983). Among these reactions, voice is the most important behavior. It can promote organization performance, and can be seen as a communication bridge between the managers and employees. So this study choose the voice behavior as the main variable

However, in the real business case, when employees feel job dissatisfaction, not all of the employees will show the voice behavior, someone is still preferred to remain silent, or had nothing to do with apathy. Therefore, this study choose two variables: self-efficacy and cynicism. To figure out that two variables whether will interact with job dissatisfaction to result in voice behavior.

In a sample of 225 employees, as hypothesized, this study found that:

1. Job dissatisfaction will have positive relationship with voice behavior.
2. Job dissatisfaction will have stronger, positive relationship with voice behavior when self-efficacy is high.
3. Job dissatisfaction will have weaker, positive relationship with voice behavior when cynicism is high.

一、中文部份
王珮瓊(民 96)，組織政治知覺對組織犬儒主義與組織公民行為之影響—以瞭解
與知覺控制為干擾變項。國立中山大學人力資源管理研究所之碩士論文。

江亭儒(民 92)，組織犬儒主義之前因與後果。國立台灣大學心理學研究所之碩
士論文。

林孟彥譯(民92)，管理學。台北市：台灣培生、華泰。

林建煌譯(民95)，現代管理學。台北市：台灣培生、華泰。

林家蓁(民 96)，員工工作不滿意與行為反應之關係：組織政治知覺、職涯主義及自我效能之調節效果。國立東華大學企業管理學系碩士論文。

邱皓政(民88)，量化研究與統計分析。臺北：五南。

邱皓政(民92)，結構方程模式：LISREL的理論、技術與應用。台北：雙葉書廊。

徐 賁(民90)，當今中國大眾社會的犬儒主義。「二十一世紀」，65，82-88。

張春興(民86)，現代心理學。台北市：東華書局。

張雅婷(民 96)，華人組織中的犬儒主義:概念分析與實徵研究。中原大學心理學
研究所之碩士論文。

陳建安(民98)，員工工作鑲嵌、組織承諾與失業憂慮對意見表達之影響。國立東 華大學企業管理學系碩士論文。

二、英文部分
Abraham, R. (2000). Organizational cynicism: bases and consequences. Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs, 126(3), 269-2920.

Adams, J. S. (1963). Toward an understanding of inequity. J. Abhor. Soc. Psychol, 67, 422-436.

Allen, R. E., & Keaveny, T. J. (1985). Factors differentiating grievants and nongrievants. Human Relations, 38, 519-534.

Andersson, L. M. (1996). Employee cynicism: An examination using a contract violation framework. Human Relations, 49, 1395-1418.

Andersson, L. M., & Bateman, T. S. (1997). Cynicism in the workplace: Some causes and effects. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 18, 449-469.

Angle, H. L., & Perry, J. L. (1981). An empirical assessment of origanizational effectiveness. Administrative Science Quarterly, 26, 1-14.

Avery, D. R. (2003). Personality as a predictor of the value of voice. Journal of Psychology, 137(5), 435-446.

Avery, D. R., & Quinones, M. A. (2002). Disentangling the effects of voice: The incremental roles of opportunity, behavior, and instrumentality in predicting procedural fairness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 81-86.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215.

Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human Agency American Psychologist, 37, 122-147.

Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action：A Social- Cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs,NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Bandura, A. (1991). Handbook of moral behavior and development. Handbook of moral behavior and development, 1, 45-103.

Bandura, A. (1995). A.Comments on the crusade against the causal efficacy of human thought. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 26, 179-190.

Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.

Bies, R. J., & Shapiro, D. L. (1988). Voice and justification: Their influence on procedural fairness judgments. Academy of Management Journal, 31(3), 676-685.

Boroff, K. E., & Lewin, D. (1997). Loyalty, voice and intent to exit a union firm: a conceptual and empirical analysis. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 51, 50-63.

Brandes, P., Dharwadkar, R., & Dean, J. W. (1999). Does organizational cynicism matter? Employee and supervisor perspectives on work outcomes. Philadelphia.

Buchanan, J. B., & Boswell, W. R. (2008). An integrative model of experencing and responding to mistreatment at work. Academy of Management Review, 33(1), 76-96.

Chen, G., Gully, S. M., Dov Eden. (2001).Validation of a new general self-efficacy
scale. Organizational Research Methods. Thousand Oaks, 4, 1: 62.

Chia, H., Landau, J., & Ong, J. S. (2000). Predictors of voice: The moderating effect of the general economic climate. Research and Practice in Human Resource Management, 8(2), 3-28.

Cohen, J., & Cohen, p. (1983). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis foe the behavior sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Cook, W. W., & Medley, D. M. (1954). Proposed hostility and pharisaic-virtue scales for the MMPI. Journal of Applied Psychology, 38(6), 414-418.

Cotton, J. L., & Tuttle, J. M. (1986). Employee turnover: A meta-analysis and review of implications for research. Academy of Management Review, 11, 55-70.
Cranny, C. J., Smith, P. C., & Stone, E. F. (1992). Job satisfaction: How people feel about their jobs and how it affects their performance. New York: Lexington Books.

Crant, J. M. (2000). Proactive behavior in organizations. Journal of Management, 26, 435-462.

Dalessio, A., Silverman, W. H., & Schuck, J. R. (1986). Paths to turnover: A re-analysis and review of existing data on the Mobley, Horner, and Hollingsworth model. Human Relations, 39, 245-263.

Dean, J. W., Brandes, P., & Dharwadkar, R. (1998). Organizational cynicism. Academy of Management, 23(2), 341-352.

Dessler, A. J. (1980). Mass ejection rate from io into the io plasma torus. Icarus, 44, 291-295.

Detert, J. R., & Burris, E. R. (2007). Leadership behavior and employee voice: Is the door really open? Academy of Management Journal, 50(4), 869-884.

Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1993). The psychology of attitudes. fort worth, TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

Farrell, D. (1983). Exit, voice, loyalty and neglect as responses to job dissatisfaction: A multidimensional scaling study. Academy of Management Journal, 26, 596-607.

Farrell, D., & Petersen, J. C. (1982). Patterns of political behavior in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 7(3), 403-412.

Ferris, K. R., & Aranya, N. (1983). A comparison of two organizational commitment scales. Personnel Psychology, 36, 87-97.

Folger, R. (1977). Distributive and procedural justice: Combined impact of "voice" and improvement on experienced inequity. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol, 35, 108-119.

Fons, N., Ad van, l., & Robert, R. (2007). Organizational cynicism: Extending the exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect model of employees responses to adverse conditions in the workplace. Human Relations, 60(5), 683-718.

George, J. M., & Jones, G. R. (1997). Organizational spontaneity in context. Human Performance, 10(2), 153-170.

Gist, M. E., & Mitchell, T. R. (1992). Self-efficacy: A theoretical analysis of its determinants and malleability. Academy of management Review, 17, 183-211.

Goldfarb, J. (1991). The cynical society Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Hagedoorn, M., Van Yperen, N. W., Van de Vliert, E., & Buunk, B. P. (1999). Employees' reactions to problematic events: A circumplex structure of five categories of responses, and the role of job satisfaction. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20, 309-321.

Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Hirschman, A. O. (1970). Exit, voice, and loyalty: responses to decline in firms, organizations, and states. Cambridge, Mass.

Hoppock, R. (1935). Job Satisfaction. New York: Harper & Row.

Jaccard, J., Turrisi, R., & Wan, C. (1990). Interaction effects in multiple regression. Beverly Hills, CA.
.
Jones, E., & Pittman, T. (1983). Toward a general theory of strategic self-presentation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Kalleberg, A. L. (1977). Work values and job rewards: A theory of job satisfaction. American Sociological Review, 42, 124-143.

Kanter, D. L., & Mirvis, P. H. (1989). The cynical Americans: Living & Working in an age of discontent & disillusion. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

LePine, J. A., & Van Dyne, L. (1998). Predicting voice behavior in work groups. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83, 853-868.

LePine, J. A., & Van Dyne, L. (2001). Voice and cooperative behavior as contrasting forms of contextual performance: Evidence of differential relationships with Big Five personality characteristics and cognitive ability. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 325-336.

Lind, E. A., Kanfer, R., & Earley, P. C. (1990). Voice, control, and procedural justice: Instrumental and noninstrumental concerns in fairness judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 952-959.

Locke, E. A. (1976). The nature and causes of job satisfaction. Chicago: Rand McNally.

March, J. G., & Simon, H. A. (1958). Organizations. New York: Wiley.

McGregor, D. (1960). The Human Side of Enterprise. London: Penguin.

Minton, k. (1980). The foraging strategy of Howler Monkey: A Study in Primate Economics. New York: Columbia University Press.

Mirvis, P., & Kanter, D. L. (1991). Beyond demography: A psycholographic profile of the workplace. Human Resource Management, 30(1), 45-68.

Mobley, W. H. (1982). Some unanswered questions in turnover and withdrawal research. Academy of Management Review, 7, 111-116.
Morrison, E. W., & Phelps, C. C. (1999). Taking charge at work: Extrarole efforts to initiate workplace change. Academy of Management Journal, 42, 403-419.

Naus, F., Van Iterson, A., & Roe, R. (2007). Organizational cynicism: Extending the exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect model of employees' responses to adverse conditions in the workplace. Human Relations, 60(5), 683-718.

Near, J., Kutner, M. H., Nachtshem, C. J., & Wasserman, W. (1999). Applied linear regression models. Singapore: McGraw-Hill.

Neiderhoffer, A. (1967). Behind the shield. Garden City. NJ: Doubleday.

Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometrtc Theory. New York: McGraw-Hil.

Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational Citizenship Behavior: The Good Soldier Syndrome. MA: Lexington Books.

Parker, L. E. (1993). When to fix it and when to leave: Relationships among perceived control, self-efficacy, dissent, and exit. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(6), 949-959.

Podsakoff, P. M., Mackenzie, S. B., Paine, J. B., & Bachrach, D. G. (2000). A critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature and suggestions for future research. Journal of Management, 26, 513-563.

Porter, L. W., & Lawler, E. E. (1968). What job attitudes tell about motivation. Harvard Business Review, 46(1), 118-126.

Reichers, A. E., Wanous, J. P., & Austin, J. T. (1997). Understanding and managing cynicism about organizational change. Academy of Management Executive, 11(1), 48-59.

Robbins, S. P. (1996). Organizational behavior: Concepts, Controversies,and application. New Jersey: Prentice－Hall, Inc.

Rusbult, C. E., Farretl, D., Rogers, G., & Mainous, A. G. (1988). Impact of exchange variables on exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect: An integrative model of responses to declining job satisfaction. Academy of Management Journal, 31(3), 599-627.

Rusbult, C. E., Zembrodt, I. M., & Gunn, L., K. (1982). (1982). Exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect: Responses to dissatisfaction in romantic involvements. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43(6), 1230-1242.

Ryan, K. D., & Oestreich, D. K. (1991). Driving fear out of the workplace: How to overcome the invisible barriers to quality, productivity, and innovation. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Sandra, O., & Charlotte, F. (2007). Challenging the status quo: What motivates proactive behaviour? Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 80, 623-629.

Seashore, S. E., & Taber, T. D. (1975). Job satisfaction and their correlates. American Behavior & Scientists, 18, 346-358.

Sheer, M., Maddux, J. E., Mercadant, B., Prenrice-Dunn, S., Jacobs, B., & Rogers, R. W. (1982). The self efficacy scale: Construction and validation. Psychological Bulletin, 80, 345-366.

Sherer, M., & Adams, C. H. (1983). Construct validations of the self-efficacy scale. Psychological Reports, 53, 899-902.

Smith, C., Kendall, L. M., & Hullin, C. L. (1969). The measurement of satisfaction in work and retirement. Chicago: Rand McNally.

Speier, C., & Frese, M. (1997). Generalized self-efficacy as a mediator and moderator between control and complexity at work and personal initiative. Human Performance, 10, 171-192.

Staw, B. M. (1984). Organizational behavior: A review and reformation of the field' s outcome variables. Annual Review of Psychology, 35, 627-666.

Steers, R. M. (1977). Antecedents and outcomes of organizational commitment. Administrative Science Quarterly, 22, 46-56.

Timothy, A., Chad, A. H., Carl, J. T., & Murray, R. B. (1999). The big five personality traits, general mental ability, and career success across the life span. Personnel Psychology, 52, 621-652.

Tipton, R. M., & Worthington, E. L. (1984). The measurement of generalized self-efficacy: A study of construct validity. Journal of Personality Assessment, 48, 545-548.

Todor, J. I., & Kyprie, P. M. (1980). Hand differences in the rate and variability of rapid tapping. Journal of Motor Behavior, 12(1), 57-62.

Van Dyne, L., Ang, S., & Botero, I. C. (2003). Conceptualizing employee silence and employee voice as multidimensional constructs. Journal of Management Studies, 40(6), 1359-1392.

Van Dyne, L., Cummings, L. L., & McLean Parks, J. (1995). Extra-role behaviors: In pursuit of construct and definitional clarity (A bridge over muddied waters). Research in Organizational Behavior, 17, 215-330.

Van Dyne, L., Kamdar, D., & Joireman, J. (2008). In-role perceptions buffer the negative impact of low LMX on helping and enhance the positive impact of high LMX on voice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(6), 1195-1207.

Van Dyne, L., & LePine, J. A. (1998). Helping and voice extra-rolebehaviors: Evidence of construct and predictive validity. Academy of Management Journal, 41, 108-119.

Vance, R. J., Brooks, S. M., & Tesluk, P. E. (1996). Organizational cynicism and change. Working Paper: Pennsylvania State University, University Park.

VanZelst, R. H., & Kerr, W. A. (1953). Workers' attitudes toward merit rating. Personnel Psychology, 6, 159-172.

Vroom, V. H. (1964). Work and Motivation. New York.: Wiley.

Walumbwa, F. O., & Schaubroeck, J. (2009). Leader personality traits and employee voice behavior: mediating roles of ethical leadership and work group psychological safety. Journal of applied psychology, 94(5), 1275-1286.

Wanous, J. P., Reichers, A. E., & Austin, J. T. (1994). Organizational cynicism: An initial study. Academy of Management Best Papers Proceedings, 269-273.

Withey, M., & Cooper, W. H. (1989). Predicting exit, voice, loyalty and neglect. . Administrative Science Quarterly, 34, 521-539

Zhou, J., & George, J. M. (2001). When job dissatisfaction leads to creativity: Encouraging the expression of voice. Academy of Management Journal, 44(4), 682-696.