精神喊話常用來幫助球員在賽前做好身心靈的準備。研究指出，這種說服性話語可以有效提升運動員自我效能的認知，進而獲得更好的運動表現和名次。然而，儘管過往有許多學者致力於相關研究，多數卻將重點放在研究精神喊話所帶來的成效，少有人研究非語言功能在此類演講中的應用。本文旨在從多模態的角度，探討不同非語言溝通（語調、手勢、頭部動作）如何和語言搭配以建構意義。為了分析語言和非語言的特徵，本研究從YouTube收集共20部以美式足球為主的賽前喊話影片，並依據「情感類」和「訊息類」演講內容分類，建構2種語料庫，同時搭配語料庫分析軟體WordSmith 5.0及多模態影音分析軟體MMAV加以分析。研究結果顯示，在前20個實詞中，兩個語料庫的用字重疊率達55%，情感類演講的主要用字為BELIEVE，訊息類則為PLAY；句子組成方面，兩種演講內容多為陳述句，用以敘述事實或提供比賽策略，祈使句則多用在訊息類演講內容，用以下達命令和指示。最後，非語言分析的結果指出，不論是哪一種演講內容，教練所使用的手勢大多相同，最常使用的是互動功能的拍擊式手勢，表達所說之內容和聽眾高度相關；頭部動作以語意功能及強調功能為主，前者用來輔助話語中的「肯定」和「否定」意義，後者則用以強調說話的內容；語調方面多用平調鋪陳訊息，再以降調收尾，表達說話者的信心和肯定。

Pregame speeches are widely employed in sports by coaches to get the athletes both physically and mentally prepared prior to important games. Much research has identified that such verbal persuasion is an effective tools for coaches to improve athletes’ self-efficacy and thus receive better performance and outcomes. While many investigators have focused on this topic throughout the years, little research has been conducted to explore how coaches’ speeches are actually done, other than giving merely verbal messages. As a result, this study aims to explore how different non-linguistic modes (intonation, gestures and head movements) are deployed and orchestrated with words from the perspective of multimodal discourse. With this in mind, two corpora (emotional and informational) have been constructed to conduct the present study, based on 20 football-related video clips collected from YouTube. MMAV software based on Systemic Functional Linguistics was also adopted for the multimodal analysis. The findings suggest that 55% of similar lexical items overlap between the top 20 content words of the two corpora. The main topic in the emotional speeches is BELIEVE and words with significant keyness are primarily concerned with emotional concepts. As for the informational speeches, the main topic is PLAY and keywords are highly related to strategic calls or commands. The contents of the two types of speeches are mainly constructed by positive declaratives which are used to describe facts or to provide game strategies. Imperatives are found to have high frequency of use only in the informational speeches to provide directions for team members to follow. Finally, results of non-linguistic analysis suggest that coaches in the two corpora employ similar gestures during their speech delivery. Interpersonal beat gestures are used most frequently to make the topic relevant to the audience. Semantic and accentual head movements are also widely used in the contents of the two types of speeches as emphasis devices strengthening verbal messages. The former is generally used as emblems of “affirmation” and “negation,” whereas the latter is typically presented by head nods to mark discourse flow on phonetic prominences. The findings of intonation reveal that the content of the two types of speeches tend to use mostly level tones as increments and then finish with falling tones showing the speakers’ confidence and certainty.

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