近年來由於高亮度發光二極體LED技術的突破，使得高亮度LED製成的光源、裝飾燈與中大型廣告看板被廣泛的使用，由於目前在臺灣LED廣告看板管制方面並無有效規範和標準，在大量且氾濫的使用下，不知不覺中已造成光汙染的現象，甚至影響人的生活及健康。目前大部分的文獻都以主觀評價的方式來評估光汙染產生的眩光與閃爍所造成人眼不舒適之影響。因此本研究嘗試採用較客觀的方式，並不涉及人體健康與生理影響，利用腦電圖來分析人體受到LED廣告看板時腦波的影響，進一步藉由腦波的分析結果來探討LED廣告看板對人體所產生的生理反應。
本研究實驗設計中，使用2種LED看板亮度(1000 cd/m2, 5000 cd/m2)、3種曝照時間(60秒, 120秒, 180秒)及10段不同影片類型，實驗參與人數共20人，一共收集14400筆資料進行分析。藉此得知人腦之α波、β波、注意力及冥想力觀看LED廣告看板動態影片時所受的影響。此外，藉由各項腦波頻段、畫面平均亮度與笛波爾評價分數來探討受試者在觀看LED看板時，主觀評價方式與客觀評價方式兩者之間是否有相關性。
研究結果顯示高亮度的LED看板會抑制β波，受試者觀看LED廣告看板越久，α波、β波和注意力皆會下降，而影片類型並不會造成各項腦波頻段的影響。然而，由各項腦波頻段與感知主觀評價結果得知，腦波生理指標與感知主觀評價相關度低，表示利用腦波訊號作為客觀的生理指標並無法有效分辨民眾對眩光與閃爍的感受程度，因此還需要努力的空間，建議仍可以從基礎研究方向來探討未來腦波與感知主觀評價之研究。

The influence of the RGB LED signage and large-format displays on our cognitive-performance seems to be more critical in the modern life. Discomfort glare is one of nuisances, wherein, most people walk or drive in urban area at night. In recent years, brainwave has been paid attention to medical research. Brainwaves are produced by synchronized electrical pulses from masses of neurons communicating with each other. From the earlier research, we understand that people's brainwaves will change as delighted, depressed, nervous, pay attention or work etc. Research has also identified brainwave patterns associated with all sorts of emotional and neurological conditions.
This study aims is to explore the brainwave of the screen luminance and exposed time as watching motion pictures on a RGB LED large-format display (LFD) by using electroencephalogram (EEG). Twenty subjects ranged from 21 to 60 years old who were normal color vision and normal vision included were recruited to participate in the experiments. Each subject attended 6 experimental sessions. In each session, a different set of viewing conditions was applied. The viewing parameters included 2 levels of LED billboard (1000 cd/m2, 5000 cd/m2) and 3 exposed time (60sec, 120sec,180 sec), and each session was presented in a random order to each subject. Each subject assessed the same 10 video clips in each session. In total, they assessed 60 clips. For each clip, the subject rated his or her discomfort glare using the de Boer scale. Subject rated one condition during the video playing. Meanwhile, The EEG power spectrums of alpha waves and beta waves of the participant were recorded by a commercial device. The device’s reference and ground electrodes are on the ear clip and the EEG electrode is on the sensor arm, resting on the forehead above the eye (FP1 position). The process was repeated until all clips of one session were presented. In average, each session took about 20 minutes. The experiment was based on a randomized factorial design with measures on 3 factors including luminance of LED LFD, exposed time and video.
Results revealed that the main effect of luminance of LED was significant. The beta waves were inhibited as increasing the luminance of LED. And the alpha waves were slight decreased at the high luminance level. Results also demonstrated that alpha, beta waves and attention were decreased as the long exposed time. Therefore, attention will be decreased causing visual fatigue during the test. However, brainwave and cognitive evaluation are not significant related. Therefore, we have the improvement on objective measurement with brainwave. We suggested the further refinement of the experiment parameters and subsequent exploration of cognitive-modulation. It will be necessary to facilitate our cognitive of discomfort glare.

[1] I. Van Kamp, “Coping iwth noise and its health consequences,” Groningen,
Styx and PP publications (1990).
[2] R. Caton, “The electric currents of the brain,” British Medical Journal,2,
278 (1875).
[3] 光復書局編輯部，腦和神經系統，光復書局 (1998)
[4] P. Sauseng, W. Klimesch, M. Schabus and M . Doppelmayr, “Fronto-parietal
EEG coherence in theta and upper alpha reflect central executive functions
of working memory,” International Journal of Psychophysiology, 57(2), pp.
97-103 (2005).
[5] M. Doppelmayr, W. Klimesch, W. Stadler, D. Poellhuber and C. Heine, “EEG
alpha power and intelligence,” Intelligence, 30(3), pp.289-302 (2002).
[6] J. E. Alexander, M. W. O'Boyle and C. P. Benbow, “Developmentally advanced
EEG alpha power in gifted male and female adolescents,” International
Journal of Psychophysiology, 23(1), pp. 25-31 (1996).
[7] W. Lutzenberger, N. Birbaumer, H. Flor, B. Rockstroh and T. Elbert,
“Dimensional analysis of the human EEG and intelligence,” Neuroscience
Letters,143(1), pp.10-14 (1992).
[8] 林威志、邱安煒、徐建業、邱泓文，『聆聽音樂時腦波及心率變異性之變化』，
醫療資訊雜誌，第十四卷．第二期：27∼36 頁 (2005)。
[9] Y. Ueda, K. Hayashi, K. Kuroiwa, N. Miyoshi, H. Kashiba and D. Takeda,
“Consciousness and Recognition of Five Colors—Using Functional-MRI and
Brain Wave Measurements,” Journal of International Society of Life
Information Science, 22(2),pp. 366-371 (2004).
[10] K. Shimagami and M. Hihara, “Change in environmental image and state of
mind and body by color light,” Japanese Journal of Hygiene, 46, pp. 135
(1991). [In Japanese]
[11] K. Shimagami and M. Hihara, “Change in environmental image and state of
mind and body by color light,” Japanese Journal of Hygiene,47, pp. 148
(1992). [In Japanese]
[12] A. Keil, V. Miskovic, M. J. Gray and J. Martinovic, “ Luminance, but not
chromatic visual pathways, mediate amplification of conditioned danger
signals in human visual cortex,” European Journal of Neuroscience, 38(9),
pp. 3356 -3362 (2013).
[13] 徐鈺媛，時間壓力與任務複雜度對腦波影響之研究，淡江大學，資訊管理學系碩士班(民102
年6月)。
[14] Jing Chen, Tsung-Min Hung, Jung-Huei Lin, Li-Chuan Lo, Jin-Fong Kao,
Chiao-Ling Hung, Ying-Jung Chen, and Zen-Shing Lai, “Effects of Anxiety on
EEG coherence During Dart Throw.” Paper presented at the meeting of the
2005 Word Congress, International Society for Sport Psychology, Sydney,
Australia, August 2005.
[15] M. B. Sterman and C. A. Mann, “Concepts and applications of EEG analysis
in aviation performance evaluation,” Biological psychology, 40(1), pp.
115-130 (1995).
[16] K. K. Shieh and M. H. Chen and Y. W. Wang, “Effects of display medium and
luminance contrast on memory performance and EEG response,” International
journal of industrial ergonomics, 35(9), pp. 797-805 (2005).
[17] L. Sahin, B. M. Wood, B. Plitnick and M. G. Figueiro, “Daytime light
exposure: Effects on biomarkers, measures of alertness, and performance,”
Behavioural brain research, 274, pp. 176-185 (2014).
[18] S. H. Jin, J. Jeong, D. G. Jeong, D. J. Kim and S. Y. Kim, “Nonlinear
dynamics of the EEG separated by independent component analysis after
sound and light stimulation,” Biological cybernetics, 86(5), pp. 395-401
(2002).
[19] 王仁佑，以腦波評估照明特性對視覺疲勞之影響，嘉南藥理科技大學，職業安全衛生系暨產
業安全衛生與防災研究所，碩士論文(民102年6月)
[20] P. Muter, S. A. Latrémouille, W. C. Treurniet and P. Beam, “Extended
reading of continuous text on television screens,” Human Factors: The
Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 24(5), pp. 501-508
(1982).
[21] CNS 15015C4500，戶外景觀照明燈具（民95.07.10 公佈）。
[22] “LEDs Used in Signage & Professional Displays Global Market Forecast
(2011-2017)”, ElectroniCast Consultants, June 7 (2012).
[23] 林彥輝、莊舜弘、李建璁，「室外工作場所採光照明與作業安全之研究」， 行政院勞委會勞
工安全衛生研究所（民97年1月）。
[24] J. D. Bullough, J. A. Brons, R. Qi and M. S. Rea, “Predicting discomfort
glare from outdoor lighting installations,” Lighting Research and
Technology,40(3), pp. 225-242 (2008).
[25] H. J. Schmidt-Clausen and J. T. H. Bindels, “Assessment of discomfort
glare in motor vehicle lighting,” Lighting Research and Technology, 6(2),
pp. 79-88 (1974).
[26] CIE 112-1994, “Glare evaluation system for use within outdoor sports and
area lighting” (1994).
[27] CIE 117-1995, “Discomfort Glare in Interior Lighting” (1995).
[28] 鄭森皓、彭保仁、溫照華、賴鵬宇、陳怡君、謝品萱，「新興物理性公害之調查及研究」，
中華民國行政院環境保護署 EPA-101-U1F1-02-106計畫期末報告（民101）。
[29] “A Review of the Literature on Light Flicker: Ergonomics, Biological
Attributes, Potential Health Effects, and Methods in Which Some LED
Lighting May Introduce Flicker”, IEEE Standard P1789 (2010).
[30] S. M. Berman, M. A. Bullimore, R. J. Jacobs, I. L. Bailey and N. Gandhi,
“An objective measure of discomfort glare,” Journal of the Illuminating
Engineering Society, 23(2), pp. 40-49 (1994).
[31] R. Matthews, N. J. McDonald and L. J. Trejo, “Psycho-physiological sensor
techniques: an overview,” 11th International Conference on Human Computer
Interaction (HCII). (2005).
[32] Andreassi, L. John “Psychophysiology: Human behavior & physiological
response,” Psychology Press, (2013).
[33] 邱浩雲，不同視覺刺激強度對功能性核磁共振影像與腦電訊號的影響，國立台灣大學，電機
工程學習研究所，碩士論文(民86)。
[34] 鄭森皓、彭保仁，「新興物理性公害之調查及研究」，中華民國行政院環境保護署 EPA-
100-U1F1-02-106 計畫期末報告（民100）。
[35] 鄭森皓、彭保仁、溫照華、陳怡君、徐紹維、鍾宗穎、廖淑君，「光汙染防制策略規劃及建
置」，中華民國行政院環境保護署EPA-101-F105-02-207（民101）。
[36] 姜琇森，蕭國倫，吳哲維，以腦波特徵為基礎之專注力診斷與訓練系統
[37] 邱皓政，量化研究與統計分析:SPSS(PASW)資料分析範例解析，五南圖書出版 (2013)
[38] 吳明隆，SPSS操作與應用-變異數分析，五南圖書出版 (2010)
[39] 鄭森皓、彭保仁、溫照華、徐紹維、洪紹棠、陳建宇，「光汙染影響及民眾感受認知研
究」，中華民國行政院環境保護署EPA-103-U1F1-02-106(民103)。
[40]B. K. Min, Y. C. Jung, E. Kim and J. Y. Park, “Bright illumination
reduces parietal EEG alpha activity during a sustained attention task,”
Brain research, 1538, pp. 83-92 (2013).
[41]黃尊意，以生理訊號探討照明光對人之影響，國立台灣科技大學，電子工
程研究所，碩士論文(民98)。