現代人普遍感到寂寞，尤其以年輕人的寂寞比例最高。本研究之目的在於探討寂寞、交友軟體使用動機及自我認同狀態三者之間的關係。研究一首先檢驗寂寞與交友軟體使用動機的關係，接著探討Weiss (1973)提出的社會性寂寞及情緒性寂寞與交友軟體使用動機的關聯性。研究二以自我認同狀態中的定向型認同與未定型認同作為調節變數，並探討它們是否影響寂寞程度與交友軟體使用動機之間的關係。
研究一結果顯示，寂寞程度與交友軟體使用動機明確程度有顯著正向相關；社會性寂寞傾向亦與交友軟體使用動機明確程度有顯著正向相關；惟情緒性寂寞傾向不同，與交友軟體使用動機明確程度有顯著負向相關。研究二結果顯示，定向型認同對寂寞與交友軟體使用動機之間的關係有負向調節效果；未定型認同則無調節效果。本研究透過瞭解年輕人寂寞傾向與行為表現，提供銷售者在行銷策略上的參考。

People in modern society generally feel lonely, especially young people. The purpose of this research is to explore the relationship between loneliness, motivation for using dating software, and self-identity. In Study 1, we examine the relationship between loneliness and the motivation to use dating software, then we explore correlation to the motivation for using dating software of social loneliness and emotional loneliness, which was proposed by Weiss (1973). In Study 2, we adopt two different status of self-identity, identity achievement and identity moratorium, as the moderator variables, and investigate whether they influence the relationship between the degree of loneliness and the motivation of using dating software.

The results of Study 1 demonstrate that the degree of loneliness is significantly positively correlated with the degree of motivation for using dating software, and the tendency of social loneliness is significantly positively correlated with the degree of motivation in the use of dating software as well. However, the tendency of emotional loneliness is significantly negatively correlated with the motivation of the use of dating software. The results of Study 2 reveal that identity achievement has a negative effect of moderation on the relationship between loneliness and the motivation for using dating software, but identity moratorium has no moderating effect. Through this research, we can understand the tendencies and behaviors of loneliness, providing some insights into marketing strategies for sellers.

外文文獻
Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A Theory of Development from the Late Teens Through the Twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469−480.
Anzani, A., Di Sarno, M., Prunas, A. (2018). Using Smartphone Apps to Find Sexual Partners: A Review of the Literature. Sexologies, 27, 61–65.
Bailey, J. A. (2003). Self-image, Self-concept, and Self-identity Revisited. Journal of the national medical association, 95(5), 385.
Ballard, J. (July 30, 2019). Millennials are the Loneliest Generation. YouGov.
Barraket, J., & Henry-Waring, M. S. (2008). Getting It on(line): Sociological Perspectives on E-dating. Journal of Sociology, 44(2), 149−165.
Bennion, L. D., & Adams, G. R. (1986). A Revision of The Extended Version of The Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status: An Identity Instrument for Use with Late Adolescents. Journal of Adolescence Research, 1(2), 183−198.
Beutel, M. E., Klein, E. M., Brähler, E., Reiner, I., Jünger, C., Michal, M. (2017). Loneliness in the General Population: Prevalence, Determinants and Relations to Mental Health. BMC Psychiatry, 17(1), 97.
Bowlby, J. (1958). The Nature of the Childs tie to His Mother. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 39, 350-371.
Cacioppo, J.T., Fowler, J.H., Christakis, N.A. (2010). Alone in the Crowd: The Structure and Spread of Loneliness in a Large Social Network. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(6), 977−991.
Check, J.V.P., Perlman, D., Malamuth, N. M. (1985). Research Article Loneliness and Aggressive Behavior. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 2(3), 243−252.
Christine, M. L., Jennifer, M. C., & Isaac, C. R. (2020). Increases in Loneliness Among Young Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Association with Increases in Mental Health Problems. Journal of Adolescent Health, 67(5), 714−717.
Cheung, M. W. L., & Chan, W. (2002). Reducing Uniform Response Bias with Ipsative Measurement in Multiple-Group Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(1), 55-77.
Coduto, K. D., Lee-Won, R. J., & Baek, Y. M. (2019). Swiping for Trouble: Problematic Dating Application Use among Psychosocially Distraught Individuals and the Paths to Negative Outcomes. Journal of Social & Personal Relationships, 37(1), 212−232.
Cohen, P., Kasen, S., Chen, H., Hartmark, C., & Gordon, K. (2003). Variations in patterns of developmental transitions in the emerging adulthood period. Developmental Psychology, 39(4), 657−669.
Cooper, A. & Sportolari, L. (1997). Romance in Cyberspace: Understanding online Attraction. Journal of Sex Education and Therapy, 22(1), 7−14.
Curry, D. (2021). Global Dating App Users (2020). Business of Apps.
De Jong Gierveld, J. & Kamphuis, F. (1985). The Development of a Rasch−Type Loneliness Scale. Applied Psychological Measurement, 9(3), 289−299.
De Jong Gierveld, J. & Van Tilburg, T. (1999a). Living Arrangements of Older Adults in the Netherlands and Italy: Coresidence Values and Behavior and Their Consequences for Loneliness. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 14(1), 1−24.
De Jong Gierveld, J. & Van Tilburg, T. (1999b). Manual of the Loneliness Scale. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Vrije Universiteit.
Dunbar, R. I. M. (1991). Functional Significance of Social Grooming in Primates. Journal of Human Evolution, 57(3), 121−131.
Dykstra, P. A., Van Tilburg, T. G., & De Jong Gierveld, J. (2005). Changes in older adult loneliness: Results from A Seven-year Longitudinal Study. Research on Aging, 27(6), 725−747.
Erikson, E. H. (1959). Identity and the Life Cycle. New York: International Universities Press.
Erikson, E. H. (1963). Childhood and Society (2nd ed.), 142. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
Erikson, E.H. (1982). The Life Cycle Completed: A Review. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
Finkel, E. J., Eastwick, P. W., Karney, B. R., Reis, H. T., & Sprecher, S. (2012). Online dating: A Critical Analysis from The Perspective of Psychological Science. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 13(1), 3−66.
Gibbs, J. L., Ellison, N. B., & Heino, R. D. (2006). Self-presentation in Online Personals: The Role of Anticipated Future Interaction, Self-disclosure, and Perceived Success in Internet Dating. Communication Research, 33(2), 152−177.
Green, L. R., Richardson, D. S., Lago, T., & Schatten-Jones, E. C. (2001). Network Correlates of Social and Emotional Loneliness in Young and Older Adults. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(3), 281−288.
Hair, J. F., Black, B., Babin, B., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (1992). Multivariate Data Analysis (6th ed.). New York: Macmillan.
Holt-Lunstad, J. (2017). The Potential Public Health Relevance of Social Isolation and Loneliness: Prevalence, Epidemiology, and Risk Factors. Public Policy & Aging Report, 27(4), 127−130.
Holt−Lunstad, J., Smith, T.B., & Layton, J.B. (2010). Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta−analytic Review. PLOS Medicine, 7(7): e1000316.
John, T. (April 25, 2018). How the World's First Loneliness Minister Will Tackle 'the Sad Reality of Modern Life'. TIME.
Kernberg, O. F. (1975). Borderline conditions and pathological narcissism. New York: Jason Aronson.
Lopata, H. Z. (1969). Loneliness: Forms and Components. Social Problems, 17(2), 248−261.
Manchester Institute of Education (2018). The BBC Loneliness Experiment.
Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego-identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3(5), 118−133, 551−558.
Marcia, J. E. (1976). Identity Six Years After: A Follow-up Study. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 5, 145−160.
Marcia, J. E. (1980). Identity in adolescence. In J. Adelson (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology, 159−187. New York: Wiley.
Marcia, J. E. (1987). The Identity Status Approach to The Study of Ego Identity Development. In Honess, T. & Yardley, K. (Eds.), Self and identity: Perspectives across the lifespan, 161–171. New York: RKP.
Marcia, J. E., Waterman, A. S., Matteson, D. R., Archer, S. L., & Orlofsky, J. L. (1993). Ego identity: A handbook for psychosocial research. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Maslow, A. H. (1943). A Theory of Human Motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370−396.
Marten, W. H. J. & Palermo, G. B. (2005). Loneliness and Associated Violent Antisocial Behavior: Analysis of the Case Reports of Jeffrey Dahmer and Dennis Nilsen. Journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology, 49(3), 298−307.
McPherson, M., Smith-Lovin, L., & Brashears, M. E. (2006). Social Isolation in America: Changes in Core Discussion Networks over Two Decades. American Sociological Review, 71(3), 353−375.
Meilman, P. W. (1979). Cross-sectional Age Changes in Ego Identity Status During Adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 1(5), 230–231.
Mohsen Hosseinbor, Seyed Mojtaba Yassini Ardekani, Saeed Bakhshani, & Somayeh Bakhshani (2014). Emotional and Social Loneliness in Individuals with and Without Substance Dependence Disorder. Journal of Risk Behaviors and Addiction, 3(3): e22688.
Patterson, S. J., Sochting, I., & Marcia, J. E. (1992). The Inner Space and Beyond: Woman and Identity. In Adams, G. R., Gullotta, T. P., & Montemayor, R. (Eds.), Adolescent identity formation, 9−24. California: Sage.
Parks, M. R., & Floyd, K. (1996). Making Friends in Cyberspace. Journal of Communication, 46(1), 80−97.
Pearl, D. A. and De Jong Gierveld, J. (2004). Gender and Marital-History Differences in Emotional and Social Loneliness Among Dutch Older Adults. Canadian Journal of Aging/La Revue Canadienne du Vieillissement, 23(2), 141−155.
Peplau, L. A. & Perlman, D. (1982). Perspectives on Loneliness. In Peplau, L. A. & Perlman, D. (Eds.), Loneliness: A Sourcebook of Current Theory, Research, and Therapy, 1−18. New York: Wiley.
Perlman, D., Peplau, L. A., & Peplau, L. (1984). Loneliness Research: A Survey of Empirical Findings. In Peplau L. A., & Goldston S. E. (Eds.), Preventing the Harmful Consequences of Severe and Persistent Loneliness, 13−46. US Government Printing Office, DDH Publication No: 84−1312.
Pinquart, M. & Sörensen, S. (2001). Influences on Loneliness in Older Adults: A Meta-Analysis. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 23(4), 245−266.
Richard Weissbourd, Milena Batanova, Virginia Lovison, & Eric Torres (2020). Loneliness in America. How the Pandemic Has Deepened an Epidemic of Loneliness and What We Can Do About It. Making Caring Common Project. Harvard Graduate School of Education.
Rokach, A. (1988). The Experience of Loneliness: A Tri-level Model. Journal of Psychology, 122(6), 531−544.
Rokach, A. (2006). Loneliness in domestically abused women. Psychological Reports, 98(2), 367−373.
Rokach, A. (2015). Loneliness, Alienation, Solitude, and Our Lives. In Sha'ked, A. & Rokach, A. (Eds.), Addressing loneliness: Coping, prevention and clinical interventions, 3−19. United Kingdom, London: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
Rorer, L. G. (1965). The Great Response-Style Myth. Psychological Bulletin, 63, 129-156.
Rotenberg, K. (1994). Loneliness and Interpersonal Trust. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 13(2), 152−173.
Russell, D. W., Peplau L. A., & Cutrona C. E. (1980). The Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: Concurrent and Discriminant Validity Evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(3), 472−480.
Russell, D., Cutrona, C. E., Rose, J., & Yurko, K. (1984). Social and Emotional Loneliness: An Examination of Weiss Typology of Loneliness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(6), 1313−1321.
Russell, D. W. (1996). UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): Reliability, Validity, and Factor Structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66(1), 20−40.
Sarvada Chandra Tiwari (2013). Loneliness: A Disease? Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(4), 320−322.
Schutz, W.C. (1958). FIRO: A Three−Dimensional Theory of Interpersonal Behavior. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
Stravynski, A. & Boyer, R. (2011). Loneliness in Relation to Suicide Ideation and Parasuicide: A Population-wide Study. Suicide and Life-threatening Behavior, 31(1), 32−40.
Strugo, J., Muise, A. (2019). Swiping for the Right Reasons: Approach and Avoidance Goals are Associated with Actual and Perceived Dating Success on Tinder. Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 28, 93–104.
Sumter, S.R., Vandenbosch, L. (2019). Dating gone Mobile: Demographic and Personality-based Correlates of Using Smartphone-based Dating Applications among Emerging Adults. New Media & Society, 21, 655–673.
Timmermans, E., Courtois, C. (2018). From Swiping to Casual Sex and/or Committed Relationships: Exploring the experiences of Tinder users. Information Society, 34, 59–70.
Van Baarsen, B., Smit, J. H., Snijders, T. A. B., & Knipscheer, K. P. M. (1999). Do Personal Conditions and Circumstances Surrounding Partner Loss Explain Loneliness in Newly Bereaved Older Adults? Ageing & Society, 19(4), 441−469.
Van Baarsen, B., Smit, J. H., Snijders T. A. B., & Van Duijn M. A. J. (2001). Lonely but Not Alone: Emotional Isolation and Social Isolation as Two Distinct Dimensions of Loneliness in Older People. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 61(1), 119−135.
Van Tilburg, T., Havens B., & De Jong Gierveld, J. (2004). Loneliness Among Older Adults in the Netherlands, Italy, and Canada: A Multifaceted Comparison. Canadian Journal of Aging/La Revue Canadienne du Vieillissement, 23(2), 169−180.
Walter, J. B. (1996). Computer-mediated Communication: Impersonal, Interpersonal, and Hyper-personal Interaction. Communication Research, 23(1), 3−43.
Wang, R., Hempton B. M., Dugan J. P., & Komives, S. R. (2008). Cultural Differences: Why Do Asians Avoid Extreme Responses? Survey Practice, 1(3), 1−7.
Watkins, D., and Cheung, S. (1995). Culture, Gender, and Response Bias: An Analysis of Response to the Self-Description Questionnaire. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 26(5), 490-504.
Watson, J, Nesdale, D. (2012). Rejection Sensitivity, Social withdrawal, and loneliness in young adults. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42(8), 1984−2005.
We are Social (2020). Digital 2020 Report.
Weiss, R.S. (1973). Loneliness: The Experience of Emotional and Social Isolation. The MIT Press: Cambridge, Massachusetts USA.
Young, J. E. (1982). Loneliness, Depression and Cognitive Therapy Theory and Application. In Peplau, L. A. & Perlman, D. (Eds.), Loneliness: A Sourcebook of Current Theory, Research, and Therapy, 379−405. New York: Wiley.

中文文獻
王亞民(2005)。成人依附行為與網路交友功能使用之研究(未出版之碩士論文)。中國文化大學，臺北市。
古文秋(2005)。適婚族群使用網路交友之關係發展因素與溝通策略研究：以Yahoo！奇摩交友平台為例(未出版之碩士論文)。國立中正大學，嘉義縣。
江逸之(2006)。台灣三大都會區 107萬寂寞心等待幸福。遠見雜誌。2006年4月1日。取自https://www.gvm.com.tw/article/10897
行政院性別平等會(2020)。國內指標—結婚年齡中位數與平均數。2021年6月16日。取自https://gec.ey.gov.tw/
吳季芬(2010)。網路關係之桃色危機。內湖高工學報，21期，頁11−19。
李建德(2015)。大學生網路交友動機與愛情風格關係之研究(未出版碩士論文)。國立東華大學，花蓮縣。
林千立、林美珍(2007)。中文版寂寞量表之效度與信度研究—以老年人為例。輔導與諮商學報，第29期第2卷，頁41−50。
林家麒(2017)。尋找你的真命天菜！交友軟體使用族群大揭密。東方快線網路市調。2017年7月27日。取自http://www.eolembrain.com.tw/Latest_View.aspx?SelectID=457
周儀芳(2018)。大量使用交友App之後續效應探討(未出版之碩士論文)。國立中正大學，嘉義縣。
徐西森、連廷嘉、陳仙子、劉雅瑩(2002)。人際關係的理論與實務。臺北市：心理。
財團法人臺灣網路諮詢中心(2019)。2019臺灣網路報告。取自https://report.twnic.tw/2019/
財團法人臺灣網路諮詢中心(2020)。2020臺灣網路報告。取自https://report.twnic.tw/2020/
涂瑋瑛(譯) (2020)。寂寞的誕生：寂寞為何成為現代流行病？。臺北市：商周。(Alberti, F. B., 2019)
郭佳微(2012)。當心網路交友 慎防約會暴力。取自http://group.cyhvs.cy.edu.tw/mediafile/403/fdownload/755/1536/201 2−10−25−11−42−28−1536−nf1.pdf
張春興(1999)。現代心理學。台北：東華書局。
張淳萱(2018)。未婚青年人際關係需求、愛情風格與交友軟體使用狀態之研究(未出版碩士論文)。東吳大學，臺北市。
張雅婷(2008)。網路交友動機與人格、孤獨、社交焦慮和自我揭露的關係(未出版碩士論文)。國立臺北大學，新北市。
陳映竹、任上鳴(2015)。交友APP發展現況與趨勢。MIC AISP情報顧問服務。2015年7月30日。取自https://mic.iii.org.tw/aisp/FreeS.aspx?id=3052
黃慧雯(2002)。大學生的自我分化、社會活動經驗與自我認定狀態之相關研究(未出版碩士論文)。國立臺灣師範大學，臺北市。
創市際市場研究顧問(2021)。2019至2020年台灣網路行為趨勢觀察與比較。創市際雙週刊第171期。
楊智馨(1998)。大學生生涯發展狀況與自我認定狀態之相關研究。教育心理學報，第30卷第2期，頁1−16。
廖小雯(2009)。成年初顯期年輕人的自我認同狀態、自我定義記憶與心理幸福感之關係探討(未出版碩士論文)。國立台灣師範大學，臺北市。
遠見編輯部(2020)。你常感到孤寂嗎？《遠見》調查：30歲以下年輕人是高風險族群。遠見雜誌。2020年3月30日。取自https://www.gvm.com.tw/article/71809
鐘心辰(2016)。寂寞經濟時代─行動交友App自我揭露與使用動機研究(未出版碩士論文)。國立政治大學，臺北市。