近年來，由於人體生物代謝的不平衡，對生物分子的分析在當今世界變得至關重要。生物體中存在許多不同類型的生物分子，每種生物分子在各種生物功能中扮演著重要作用。多巴胺（DA）、抗壞血酸（AA）、和尿酸（UA）是重要的小生物分子，在生物系統中相互作用，對於人體代謝過程相關的各種生理功能至關重要。細胞外液、血清、和中樞神經系統中經常含有DA、AA 和UA。人體中異常的DA、AA、和UA 水平與多種疾病密切相關。生物感測器的應用已成為藥物開發、生物醫學、食品安全標準、軍隊安全、和環境監測等領域的重要組成部分，因此，開發高靈敏度生物感測分析方法非常試重要。由於DA、AA 和UA 在電解液中可以經電化學氧化，利用電化學的生物感測器來檢測這些化合物，提供了一種可靠、快速、簡單、敏感和專一的方法。然而，這些生物分子經常共存，並且具有類似的氧化電位，這使得同時進行電化學檢測具有挑戰性。
本論文開發一種新的 Sn/SnO2 奈米複合材料作為電催化劑，被用於測定人體含有的 DA、AA 和UA 濃度。Sn/SnO2 奈米複合材料是通過對含錫纖維進行電漿處理 (大氣常壓電漿 (APPJ) 和微波電漿) 的不同處理時間製備的。製備得到的 Sn/SnO2 奈米複合材料與石墨結合，以提高材料的導電性，將 Sn/SnO2 奈米複合材料與石墨沉積在金電極上 (graphite_Sn/SnO2@AuE) ，製備電化學的生物感測器以檢測 DA、AA、和 UA。利用掃描式電子顯微鏡 (SEM)、X-ray 繞射分析 (XRD)、拉曼光譜儀和 X-ray 電子能譜儀 (XPS) 分析製備的 Sn/SnO2 奈米複合材料。研究該奈米複合材料的形貌、結晶性、和成分。電漿處理後，纖維表面出現顆粒狀和花狀形態。材料的化學成分中顯示出碳、氧和錫金屬元素。利用循環伏安法 (CV)、計時安培法 (AMP)、和差分脈衝伏安法 (DPV) 測試三電極電化學裝置組成的工作電極的電化學性能。優異的電化學性能可歸因於材料的優異導電性和大的電化學活性表面積 (ECSA)。
本研究對於 DA、AA、和 UA 等單一活性分子以及三種活性分子的混合物進行檢測，結果顯示，製備的 graphite_Sn/SnO2@AuE 有助於善 DA、AA、和 UA 的電化學檢測性能。最適化後的氬氣微波電漿參數，120 秒的電漿處理樣本，加入 1 wt % 石墨粉末混合。表現最佳的線性範圍為 0.1–400、5–6000和0.1–900 µM，靈敏度分別為485.0、73.5 和177.8 µA/mM.cm2，檢測限為 0.002、0.16 和 0.008 µM，用於單獨檢測 DA、AA 和 UA。此外，電極在存在 AA 濃度時，在 0.1–400 和 0.1–900 µM 範圍內呈現線性，靈敏度分別為 473.7 和 169.3 µA/mM.cm2，檢測限為0.003和0.010 µM，用於在 AA 濃度存在時檢測DA、和UA。此外，本研究製備的 graphite_Sn/SnO2@AuE 可成功地應用於真實樣品 (人體血清)，並展現出對 DA、AA、和UA 的高度選擇性。最終，graphite_Sn/SnO2 奈米複合材料可以增強網印式印刷碳電極與自製可撓式電極的電化學感測性能。

The analysis of biomolecules is crucial in today's world due to an imbalance in the biological metabolism of the human body. There are many distinct types of biomolecules in living organisms, and each biomolecule is required for a range of biological functions. Biomolecules are primary components that serve to regulate regular bodily growth and development in all living creatures. Dopamine (DA), ascorbic acid (AA), and uric acid (UA) are important small biomolecules that interact in biological systems and are crucial to a variety of physiological functions related to the human metabolic process. The extracellular fluid, serum, and central nervous system all frequently include DA, AA, and UA. Several disorders are closely related to abnormal DA, AA, and UA levels in the human body. The application of biosensors has become essential in the sectors of drug development, biomedicine, food safety standards, army, safety, and environmental monitoring. As a result, biosensors based on biological sensing components have been built with precise and strong analytical methodologies. Since DA, AA, and UA are simply electrochemically oxidized in electrolyte solutions, using an electrochemical-based biosensor for identifying these compounds provides a dependable, quick, simple, sensitive, and focused method. However, these biomolecules often coexist together and have similar oxidation potentials, which causes simultaneous electrochemical detection challenging.
A new construction material of Sn/SnO2 nanocomposites was introduced as an electrocatalysts to determine the concentration of DA, AA, and UA in the human body. The Sn/SnO2 nanocomposites were fabricated by plasma treatments (atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) and microwave plasma) on electrospun Sn-containing fibers processes with different treatment time. The resultant of Sn/SnO2 nanocomposites were combined with graphite to enhance the electrical conductivity of materials and deposited on a gold electrode (graphite_Sn/SnO2@AuE) to construct an electrochemical-based biosensor to detect DA, AA, and UA. The prepared Sn/SnO2 nanocomposites were examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Raman spectrometer, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to investigate the morphology, crystallinity, and composition of this nanocomposites. A particle-like and flower-like morphology appeared on the surface of the fibers after plasma treatments. The carbon, oxygen, and tin metal elements were revealed in the chemical composition of materials. A three-electrode electrochemical setup was used to test the electrochemical properties of the constructed working electrode using cyclic voltammetry (CV), amperometry (AMP), and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The excellent electrochemical behavior can be ascribed to the outstanding conductivity of the materials and large electrochemical active surface area (ECSA).
The results of individual and simultaneous detection of DA, AA, and UA revealed the Sn/SnO2 nanocomposites and graphite powder improve the electrochemical performance toward DA, AA, and UA detection. The optimized parameter was achieved by applying Ar microwave plasma treatment for 120 s and adding 1 wt% of graphite in Sn/SnO2 dispersion. The best-performed electrode exhibited a linear range of 0.1 – 400, 5 – 6000, and 0.1 - 900 µM, a sensitivity of 485.0, 73.5, and 177.8 µA/mM.cm2, and a LOD of 0.002, 0.16, and 0.008 µM, for individual DA, AA, and UA detection. In addition, the electrode presented linearity within 0.1 – 400 and 0.1 - 900 µM, with a sensitivity of 473.7 and 169.3 µA/mM.cm2, and a LOD of 0.003 and 0.010 µM for DA and UA detection in the presence of AA concentration. Furthermore, the Sn/SnO2 and graphite-modified AuE sensor was successfully applied in a real human fluid matrix and showed highly selective towards the determination of DA, AA, and UA in common interferents in human body fluid. Finally, the dispersion of Sn/SnO2 and graphite enhanced the performance of biosensor detection on the commercial screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) and the laboratory-made flexible carbon electrode (C-PP).

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