本研究延續實驗室過去發展無空間障礙點選裝置之設計概念，改良設計一款使用自然姿勢的指控點選裝置FPD（Finger-operate Pointing input Device）。研究採兩階段實驗評估其實用性，共計19名受試者參與本實驗。
第一階段以Fitts' Law程式驗證操作績效，以滑鼠之操作績效為100%AP，FPD於點選、拖曳操作之平均績效分別達45.73%AP及39.32%AP，均高於主觀可接受操作績效30%AP。相較於前期研究，FPD的操作績效亦明顯獲得提昇。
第二階段以EMG記錄檢測使用者的肌肉負荷程度，在僅以點選及拖曳動作即可進行之微軟「接龍」遊戲中，與操控方式相似之羅技（Logitech）火星軌跡球作比較，結果顯示使用FPD時受試者之拇指外展肌及拇指對掌肌發生疲勞人數較少分別為10%及40%，羅技火星軌跡球則有60%及70%之受試者發生疲勞。而使用FPD時拇指內收肌則有70%受試者因為仍不習慣操作模式而有疲勞現象，然羅技火星軌跡球則僅有10%試者發生疲勞。主觀評比結果，FPD與羅技火星軌跡球之整體評價不相上下。
受試者對新式裝置的不熟悉，是績效降低及肌肉疲勞的主因，若能提升點選回饋感並增加練習時間以提高使用者的熟悉度，績效表現必能更佳。

Followed the concepts of using natural postures in the operations of a finger-operated pointing input device (FPD) that was developed earlier in this laboratory, the study redesigned and verified the performance and muscle loading on the hand. Two experiments were conducted and nineteen subjects were recruited for the studies.
Fitts’ law tests were used for performance comparisons in the first experiment. Operational efficiencies were normalized according to the efficiency of using MICROSOFT mouse. The result showed that the pointing and dragging operational efficiency of FPD was 45.73% and 39.32% of that of the mouse, respectively. They were improvements when compared with that of the previously developed FPD.
Comparisons of muscle loading on hand, using Logitech TrackMan and FPD, while playing Microsoft computer game “solitaire,” was conduced in the second experiment. The result showed that the number of times that fatigue occurred at Abductor pollicis longus using FPD was 10%, and was 40% for Opponens pollicis 40%. When using Logitech TrackMan Whell, they were 60% and 70%, respectively. On the contrary, fatigue occurred at the Adductor pollicis for 70% of FPD users’ and there were 10% while using Logitech TrackMan Whell. Subjectively comparing showed that whole appraisal for FPD is of the same level as that of the Logitech TrackMan Whell.
We attributed manly to the unfamiliarity of the users for lower performance and higher loading on the hand while using FPD. Improvement of pointing feedback and increase exercise time were suggested for the improvement of task performance.

1. Aarås, A., Dainoff, M., Ro, O. & Thoresen, M. (2002). Can a more neutral position of the forearm when operating a computer mouse reduce the pain level for VDU operators? International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics , 30, 307-324.
2. Abernethy, C. N. & Hodes D. G. (1987). Ergonomically Determined Pointing Device (Mouse) Design. Behaviour and Information Technology - BIT, 6 (3), 311-314
3. Alan Hedge, Timothy M. Muss. and Marisol Barrero,(1999). Comparative study of two computer mouse, Cornell Human Factors Laboratory Technical Reports, Cornell University. http://ergo.human.cornell.edu/Pub/HFlabReports/MouseRep.pdf
4. Antii, C. J., Bjorksten, M., Ericson, B. E., and Jonsson, B.,(1976). Relationship between work and intergrated myoelectric activity in long-term vocational studies, Biomechanics, pp. 515–519
5. Basmajian JV, Deluca C. (1985). Muscle alive - their functions revealed by electromyography. In: Baltimore, Williams, Wilkins eds.
6. Berne, R.M., and Levy, M.N. (1998). Physiology. C.V. Mosby Co., St. Louis, 4th edition.
7. Blatter, B. M. & Bongers, P. M. (2002). Duration of computer use and mouse in relation to musculoskeletal disorders of neck or upper limb. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 30, 295-306.
8. B. Laursen, B. R. Jensen, (2000). Shoulder muscle activity in young and older people during a computer mouse task, Clinical Biomechanics. Clinical Biomechanics No.1. p. S30-S33.
9. Burgess-Limerick, R. & Green, B. (2000). Using multiple case studies in ergonomics: an example of point device use. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 26, 381-388.
10. Burke, J. L., Murphy, R. R, Coovert, M. D; Riddle, D. L. (2004). Moonlight in Miami: A field study of human-robot interaction in the context of an urban search and rescue disaster response training exercise. Human-Computer Interaction, 19, 85-116.
11. Bystrom, J. U., Hansson, G., Rylander, L., Ohlsson, K., Kallrot, G. & Skerfving, S. (2002). Physical workload on neck and upper limb using two CAD applications. Applied Ergonomics, 33, 63-74.
12. Cakir, A. E., (2000). International HCI-standards on keyboards and input devices. Proceedings of the IEA2000/HFES2000 congress. 6-406-409.
13. Card, S. K., English, W. K. & Burr, B. J. (1978). Evaluation of mouse, rate-controlled isometric joystick, step keys, and text keys for text selection on a CRT. Ergonomics, 21, 601-613.
14. C. Cook, B. L. Robin, S. Chang, (2000). The prevalence of neck and upper extremity musculoskeletal symptoms in computer mouse users, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. p. 347-356.
15. Chaffin DB. (1973). Localized muscle fatigue-definition and measurement. J Occup. Med. 15, 346-354.
16. C. J. Cook and K Kothiyal, (1998). Influence of mouse position on muscular activity in the neck, shoulder and arm in computer users, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. p. 439-443.
17. Cook, C., Limerick, Burgess-Limerick, R. & Chang, S. (2000). The prevalence of neck and upper extremity musculoskeletal symptoms in computer mouse use. The international Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 26, 347-356.
18. Cook, J. C. & Kothiyal, K. (1998). Influence of mouse position on muscular activity in the neck, shoulder and arm in computer users. Applied Ergonomics, 29(6), 439-443.
19. De Luca, C.J. (1997). The use of surface electromyography in biomechanics. Journal of Applied Biomechanics,13,135-163.
20. Dereniak, E. L. & Boreman, G. D. (1996). Infra-red Detectors and Systems. New York: John Wiley.
21. Douglas C. Engelbart, and William K. English, (1968). A research center for augmenting human intellect, AFIPS Conference Proceedings of the 1968 Fall Joint Computer Conference, San Francisco, CA, December 1968, Vol. 33, pp. 395-410 (AUGMENT,3954,)
22. Edwards R. H. T., Hyde S. (1977). Methods of measuring muscle strength and fatigue. Physioltherapy. 63
23. Edwards, R. H. T. (1981). Human muscle function and fatigue. In: Human Muscle Fatigue: Physiological Mechanisms, edited by R. Porter, and J. Whelan. London: Pitman, p. 1-18.
24. Elert JE, Rantap D, Henriksson LK, (1992). Muscle performance, electromyography and fiber type composition in fibromyalgia and work-related myalgia. Scand J Rheumatol. 21:28-34.
25. Enrico Costanza, Alberto Perdomo, Samuel A. Inverso, Rebecca Allen (2004). EMG as a Subtle Input Interface for Mobile Computing. Mobile HCI 2004 6th International Symposium, Glasgow, UK, September 13-16,. 426-430
26. Enrico Costanza, Samuel A. Inverso, Rebecca Allen (2005). Toward subtle intimate interfaces for mobile devices using an EMG controller. CHI2005: Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Portland, Oregon, USA. 481-489
27. Fagarasanu, M. & Kumar, S. (2003). Carpal tunnel syndrome due to keyboarding and mouse task: a review. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 31, 119-136.
28. Fernstrom, E. & Ericson, M. O. (1997). Computer mouse or trackpoint-effects on muscular load and operator experience. Applied Ergonomics, 28, 347-354.
29. Fitts, P. M. (1954). The information capacity of the human motor system in controlling the amplitude of movement. Journal of Experiental Psychology, 47, 381-391.
30. Fitts, P. M. & Peterson, J. R. (1964). Information capacity of discrete motor responses. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 67, 103-112.
31. Fogleman, M. & Brogmus, G. (1995). Computer mouse use and cumulative trauma disorders of the upper extremities. Ergonomics, 38(12), 2465-2475.
32. George Beekman & Eugene J. Rathswohl (2003). Computer Confluence Exploring Tomorrow's Technology. Fifth Edition, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
33. Grandjean E, Hunting W, Nishiyama K. (1984). Preferred VDT workstation setting, body posture, and physical impairments. Applied ergonomics. 15:99-14.
34. Grimby, L., Hennerz, J., & Hedman, B.(1981).The fatique and voluntary discharge properties of single motor units in man. J Physiol, 316:545-554.
35. Hagberg, M., (1981). On evaluation of local muscular load and fatigue by electromyography, Arbete och halsa, Vol. 24, pp.1–53.
36. Hagg GM, Luttmann, Jager M. (2000). Methodologies for evaluating electromyographic field data in ergonomics. Journal of Electromyography & Kinesiology. 301-312.
37. Harvey, R. & Peper, E. (1997). Surface electromyography and mouse use position. Ergonomics, 40(8), 781-789.
38. Hess D. (1997). Employee perceived stress. Relationship to the development of repetitive strain injury symptoms. AAOHN Journal. 45(3):115-23.
39. Hoffmann, E. R., Chang, W. Y., & Yim, K. Y. (1997). Computer mouse operation: Is the left-handed user disadvantaged? Applied Ergonomics, 28(4), 245-248.
40. Jaakko Ala-Paavola, (2005). SmartPhone remote control over bluetooth demo , http://zebra.tky.hut.fi/~jap/Electronics/bt_remotecontrol/
41. Jack Dennerlein, Maria-Helena DiMarino, (2002). Ted Becker, and Peter Johnson, "Wrist and shoulder muscle activity changes across computer tasks", HFES 46th Annual Meeting September 30 - October 4, Baltimore, MD USA.
42. Jaric, S., Sasa, R., Sladjan, M., Milos, L., & Radmila, A. (1997). A comparison of the effect of agonist and antagonist muscle fatique on performance of rapid movement. Eur J Appl Physiol,76:41-47.
43. Jensen, Chris; Finsen, Lotte; Sogaard, Karen; Christensen, Hanne. (2002) Musculoskeletal symptoms and duration of computer and mouse use. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 30(4), 265-275
44. Johnson, P. E., Dropkin, J. J., Hews, J. & Remple, D. (1993). Office ergonomics: motion analysis of computer mouse usage. American Industrial Hygiene Conference and Exposition, 12-13.
45. Jonsson B. (1982). Measurement and evaluation of local muscular strain on the shoulder during constrained work. J. Human Ergon. 11:73-88
46. Kadefors, R. & Laubli, T. (2002). Muscular disorders in computer users: introduction. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 30(3), 203-210.
47. Kadefors, R. & Sjogaard, G. (2001). Editorial. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 11(3), 149.
48. Kantowitz, B. H. & Sorkin, R. D. (1983). Human factors: Understanding People-System Relationships. New York: Wiley.
49. Karlqvist, L., Hagberg, M. & Selin, Kristina. (1994). Variation in upper limb posture and movement during word processing with and without mouse use. Ergonomics, 37(7), 1261-1267.
50. Karlqvist LK, Bernmark E, Ekenvall L. (1999). Computer mouse position as a determinant of posture, muscular load and perceived exertion. Scand J Work Environ Health.; 24(1):62-73.
51. Keir, P. J., Bach, J. M. & Rempel, D. (1999). Effects of computer mouse design and task on carpal tunnel pressure. Ergonomics, 42(10), 1350-1360.
52. Kumars, S. & Mital, A. (1996). Electromyography in ergonomic. London : Taylor & Francis.
53. Langolf, G.D.,Chaffin, D.B. & Foulke, J.A. (1976). An investigation of Fitts’ law using a wide range of movement amplitudes. Journal of Motor Behavior, 8(2), 113-128.
54. Löscher, H. W., Cresswell, A. G., & Thorstensson, A. (1996). Recruitment inhibition of soleusα-motorneurons during a sustained submaximal plantar flexion. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol, 101:334-338.
55. Luttmann A, Jager M, Sokeland J, (1996). Electromyographical study on surgeons in urology. II. Determination of muscular fatigue. Ergonomics. 39:298-313.
56. MacKenzie, I. S. & Buxton, W. (1992). Extending Fitts’ law to two-dimentional tasks, Proceedings of the CHI’92 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 219-226.
57. Markus Ritala, Tomi Tieranta and Jukka Vanhala, (2003). " Context Aware User Interface System for Smart Home Control ", HOIT 2003 Conference, Irvine, California
58. Martyn Cooper,(1999). User interface issues for smart houses - Experiences from the HS-ADEPT project , SMART Homes - International Conference on Smart Homes and Telematics, Eindhoven, Netherlands 22/23 February 1999
59. Masami Hashimoto, Yoshimichi Yonezawa and Kazunori Itoh (2005). An Alternative GUI Interface Using Air Propagated Ultrasonic Waves and Sounds in Mouth. HCI international 2005.
60. Mats Hagberg, (1996). Neck and Arm Disorders, BMJ, Volume 313(7054), August 17, 419-412.
61. Mcardle, W. D., Katch, F.I., & Katch, V. L. (1994). Essential of exercise physiology. LEA & FEBIGER: Baltimore.
62. Mehmet Gokturk and John L Sibert, (1999). An Analysis of the Index Finger as a Pointing Device , ACM CHI99 Conference Companion, May, 1999.
63. Moritani, T. (1982). Electromyographic manifestations of muscular fatigue. Med. Sci. sports. Exerc., 14(3):198-202.
64. N. G. Swanson, T. L. Galinsky, L. L. Cole, C. S. Pan, and S. L. Sauter, (1997). The impact of keyboard design on comfort and productivity in a text-entry task, Applied Ergonomics No.1. p. 9-16.
65. Nirali Desai, Khomkrit Kaowthumrong, John Lebsack, Nishant Shah, Richard Han , (2002). Automated Selection of Remote Control User Interfaces in Pervasive Smart Spaces , HCIC Winter Workshop
66. Nunley, W. & Bechtel, J. S. (1987). Infra-red Optoelectronics: Devices and Applications. New York: Marcel Dekker.
67. Ohtsuki, T. (1981). Inhibition of individual fingers during grip strength exertion. Ergonomics, 24, 21–36.
68. Phillips, J. G. & Triggs, T. J. (2001). Characteristics of cursor trajectory controlled by the computer mouse. Ergonomics, 44(5), 527-536.
69. Rolf Helbig, Walter Rohmert, (1998) Fatigue and Recovery, Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety 4th edition. Part IV. Tools and Approaches, Chapter 29. Ergonomics. Wolfgang Laurig, Joachim Vedder, Chapter Editors. International Labour Office (ILO).
70. SA Moussavi Najarkola, (2006). Assessment of Risk Factors of Upper Extremity Musculoskeletal Disorders (UEMSDs) by OCRA Method in Repetitive Tasks, Iranian Journal of Public Health, Vol. 35, No. 1, Pages 68-74
71. Schweitzer TW., Fitzgerald JW., Bowden JA. (1979). Spectral analysis of human inspiratory diaphragmatic electromyograms. J Appl Physiol; 46:152-65.
72. Singh, J. (1995). Semiconductor Optoelectronics: Physics and Technology. New York: McGraw-Hill.
73. Stephens, J. A., & Taylor, A. (1970). Changes in electrical activity during fatiquing voluntary isometric contraction of human muscle. J Physiol, 207:5-6.
74. Straker, L., Pollock, C., Frosh, A., Aaras, A. & Dainoff, M. (2000). An ergonomic field comparison of a traditional computer mouse and a vertical computer mouse in injured office workers. IEA 2000/HFES 2000 congress, 6, 356-359.
75. Stulen FB., De Luca CJ. (1981). Frequency parameters of the myoelectric signal as a measure of muscle conduction velocity. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering; 28:515-23.
76. Suparna Damany, Jack Bellis. (2000). It's Not Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, RSI Theory & Therapy for Computer Professionals. Philadelphia, Simax, Inc.
77. Shneiderman, B. (1992). Design the user interface: Strategies for effective human-computer interaction. New York: Addison Wesley.
78. Stewert, T., Van Nes, F., Cakir, A., Berns, T., Harker, S., Geis, T., (2003). Usability sandards-update on ISO 9241. Proceedings of the IEA2003/HFES2003 congress.
79. Straker, L., Pollock, C., Frosh, A., Aarås, A. & Dainoff, M. (2000). An ergonomic field comparison of a traditional computer mouse and a vertical computer mouse in injured office workers. Proceedings of the IEA 2000/HFES 2000 congress, 6, 356-359.
80. Thomas, B. H., Grimmer K., Zucco J. & Milanese S. (2002). Where Does the Mouse Go? An Investigation into the Placement of a Body-Attached TouchPad Mouse for Wearable Computers. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing 6(2), 97-112
81. Thomas, G. W. & Henry, H. E. (1996). Effects of angle of approach on cursor movement with a mouse: Consideration of Fitts’ Law. Computer in Human Behavior, 12, 481-495.
82. Trankle, U. & Deutschmann, D. (1991). Factors influencing speed and precision of cursor positioning using a mouse, Ergonomics, 34, 161-174.
83. .Ulmer HV., Knieriemen W., Warlo T., (1989). Interindividual variability of isometric endurance with regard to the endurance performance limit for static work. Biomed. Biochim.Acta. 48: 504-8.
84. Viitasalo JT, Komi PV. (1981). Interrelationships between electromyographic, mechanical, muscle structure and reflex time measurements in man. Acta Physiol Scand. 1981 Jan;111(1):97–103.
85. Visser, B., de Korte, E., van der Kraan, I. & Kuijer, P. (2000). The effect of arm and wrist supports on the load of the upper extremity during VDU work. Clinical biomechanics, 15(1), S34-S38.
86. Walker, N., Meyer, D. E. & Smelcer, J. B. (1993). Spatial and temporal characteristics of rapid cursor positioning movements with electromechanical mice in human-computer interaction, Human Factors, 35, 431-458.
87. Watkins RG, Uppal GS, Perry J, Pink M and Dinsay JM. (1996). Dynamic electromyographic analysis of trunk musculature in professional golfers. American Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol 24, Issue 4 535-538.
88. Whisenand, T.G. & Emurian, H.H. (1999). Analysis of cursor movements with a mouse. Computers in Human Behavior, 15, 85-103.
89. W. Greena, D.E. Gyia, R. Kalawskyb, D. Atkins (2006). A contextual enquiry: studying user requirements for future home technology, International Ergonomics Association (IEA) 2006 Congress, Maastricht, Netherlands. July 10-14
90. Werner, R., Armstrong, T. J. & Aylard, N. K. (1997). Intracarpal canal pressure: the role of finger, hand, wrist and forearm position. Clinical Biomechanics, 12(1), 44-51.
91. Westganrd, R. H., (1988). Measurement and evaluation of posture load in occupational work situations, Eur. J Appl Physical, Vol. 57, pp. 291–304.
92. W. Green, D.E. Gyi, R. Kalawsky, D. Atkins, (2006). A contextual enquiry: studying user requirements for future home technology，IEA2006 Conference,10-14 July, Maastricht The Netherlands.
93. Wilk KE, Escamilla RF, Fleisig GS, Steve W Barrentine, Andrews JR, (1996). The comparison of tibiofemoral joint forces and electromyography during open and closed kinetic chain exercises. American Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol 24, Issue 4 518-527.
94. 蘇木川（2005）：可採多樣工作姿勢的點選輸入設備之設計與驗證，國立台灣科技大學工業管理系博士學位論文。
95. 陳偉佑（2006）：指戴式點選輸入設備之再設計與績效評估，國立台灣科技大學工業管理系碩士學位論文。
96. 鍾家鳳（2006）：裝設定位感測器的指控式點選輸入器之設計與績效評估，國立台灣科技大學工業管理系碩士學位論文。
97. 趙坤茂、張雅惠、黃寶萱（2005）：「計算機概論」(修訂版)。台北：全華科技圖書股份有限公司。
98. 許勝雄、林煜超（2004）：單行顯示選單設計對學習與操作績效影響之研究。人因工程，第6卷，第2期，31-39。
99. 陳協慶、盧長慶、吳欣潔、陳嘉玲 (2006)：手-臂功能限制對市售滑鼠操作績效之影響。第13屆中華民國人因工程學會年會暨研討會，3月4日，義守大學，高雄。
100. 張一岑(2004)：人因工程學。台北：揚智文化。
101. 許勝雄、彭游、吳水丕（1991）：人因工程學。台北：揚智文化。
102. 黃奕銘（2003）：主動肌疲勞對快速與慢速力量控制準確度與肌電活動模式之影響，國立體育學院教練研究所碩士論文。
103. 吳慧君（1993）：運動性肌肉疲勞之肌電圖研究。中華體育季刊，第7卷，第2期，77-85。
104. 黃勝裕（2000）：肌肉週邊疲勞之肌電圖判定。中華體育季刊，第14卷，第1期，109-115。