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研究生: 李訓哲
Hsun-che Li
論文名稱: 影像串流於無線隨意網路中維持恆定播放速率之緩衝量調控機制
Buffer underflow avoidance scheme for video streaming over wireless ad-hoc networks
指導教授: 項天瑞
Tien-Ruey Hsiang
口試委員: 葉國暉
Kuo-Hui Yeh
羅乃維
Nai-Wei Lo
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 電資學院 - 資訊工程系
Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering
論文出版年: 2013
畢業學年度: 101
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 51
中文關鍵詞: 無線網狀網路多媒體多跳網路多媒體緩衝器影像串流
外文關鍵詞: Video streaming, Media buffering, Wireless mesh networks, Multimedia over multi-hop
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  • 在多媒體串流服務中,媒體播放的順暢度一直都是個重要指標,而其中最重要的關鍵,就是讓緩衝器維持足夠的封包量。如果當緩衝器不幸發生下溢時,將導致影片發生播放中斷的情況; 而當緩衝器發不幸生溢位時,則造成有傳輸次數過多的問題。
    可適性媒體播放技術(Adaptive media playout) 是一般通用的作法又可稱之為AMP,它是透過調整播放速率來抑制緩衝器發生下溢或溢位的問題。然而,過分的調整播放速率將可能大大影響影片的平滑度以及影片的畫質。
    本文中提出一種有效的作法,當處於無線網格網路中進行影片串流服務時,將可以有效降低播放中斷的問題。當與AMP 類型的方法相較之下,所提出的方法有額外考量到在無線網路中節點的傳輸品質,以及影片發送端傳輸速率的調整。我們的作法是採用ETT 指標。因為ETT 指標比最小跳躍數指標多考慮了鏈結品質以及鏈結頻寬,因此,我們利用它去建立一條介於影片發送端和其指定的接收端之間的影像串流傳輸路徑。如果在傳輸過程中其影片發生播放中斷的情形,則發送端根據當下緩衝器的封包量決定啟動調控及預測的機制來設定串流的傳送速率。
    透過模擬的結果顯示,我們提出的方法相較於一般AMP 的方法更能夠有效地降低播放延遲以及避免造成有額外的播放延遲時間。此外,在無線網格網路中,緩衝區的封包量也能夠有效的維持在相對穩定的狀態。


    Maintaining sufficient buffer is crucial for multimedia streaming services. Buffer overflow causes redundant transmissions and buffer underflow causes play out interruptions.
    Therefore, solutions must be devised in order to avoid the above problems.
    Adaptive media playout (AMP), which changes the playout rate according to the occurring possibility of buffer underflow or overflow, is a popular approach for video streaming services. However, over-adjustments of playout rate can greatly affect the smoothness of the video and also the video quality.
    This paper proposes an effective approach to reduce playout interruptions for video streaming services in wireless mesh networks. In contrast to AMP-type methods, the proposed approach considers the transmission quality of nodes in wireless networks and adjusts feeders’ transmission rate. Our method uses ETT metric to establish the streaming path between a video feeder and its designated receiver. To better utilize the relatively limited bandwidth in wireless networks, a video feeder changes the streaming speed according to the estimation on the occurring time of buffer underflow/overflow during video playout.
    Through simulation results, the proposed algorithm is shown to be able to reduce delays more efficiently than the general AMP approach. Also, the buffer size is better maintained in wireless mesh networks.

    1 簡介. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 背景. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 研究動機. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.3 研究目的. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.4 論文架構. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2 相關研究探討. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.1 Adaptive Media Playout(AMP) 控制機制. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.1.1 AMP 基本運作. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.2 Scalable Video Coding(SVC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.3 Buffer Underflow Avoidance Scheme(BUAS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.4 其它的機制. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.5 小結. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3 維持恆定播放速率之傳送速率調控機制. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 vi 3.1 系統模型的架構. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.1.1 無線通道錯誤模型. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 3.1.2 對數距離路徑損耗模型. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 3.1.3 系統模型的演算法流程. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 3.2 建立影片的傳輸路徑. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3.2.1 服務品質感知路由. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3.2.2 路由指標. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3.3 調控及預測傳輸速率機制. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 3.3.1 傳輸速率調控. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 3.3.2 預測所需傳送速率. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 3.3.3 整體調控預測之方式. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 4 系統模擬與效能評估. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 4.1 模擬環境設定. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 4.2 模擬結果分析. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 4.2.1 平均延遲次數及時間. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 4.2.2 安全區域對於平均傳輸調整次數的影響. . . . . . . . . . . . 36 4.2.3 平均首次發生延遲時間點. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 4.2.4 平均影片播放時間. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 5 結論與未來展望. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 參考文獻. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

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