現今這個數位時代，3D遊戲、動畫及電影等數位內容，已經成為了現代人生活中不可或缺的一部分。以遊戲來說，無論是人物、建築、或是物品，都是需要透過美術建模來製作出來，而這項建模工作是一件必須耗費大量時間與人力的苦差事。若能以電腦配合特定演算法，輔助人類進行建模工作，則能大大提升建模的質量與速度，甚至創造出超越人類想像力、現實世界並不存在的物品。此項概念在電腦圖學領域中，被稱為程序化建模。

在3D遊戲當中，有一種類型的3D模型數量十分龐大、在遊戲中占據相當重要的地位，那就是——遊戲武器。本論文以16種典型的中式冷兵器「刀、槍、劍、戟、斧、鉤、叉、钂、棍、鞭、鐧、錘、撾、拐、鏟、三尖兩刃刀」做為探討對象，提出了一套中式冷兵器程序化建模系統。研究方法分為兩大部分：第一部分為，利用Parametric L-system來進行中式冷兵器的程序化建模；而第二部分則是第一部分的延伸應用，透過遊戲當中玩家的遊玩數據來實現動態建模功能。

在中式冷兵器程序化建模的研究中，首先我們觀察不同種類武器的外觀型態，撰寫出L-system的生成規則；接著，設計一組合適的建模參數，讓生成過程能夠透過調整參數來操控。相較於現行的傳統建模方法，我們的系統由於參數化空間的連續特性，任意參數組合皆可視為不同的兵器模型，因此具有高度的多樣性，無論是現實中存在的真實兵器、或是不存在的創新奇幻兵器，此套系統皆可生成。另外，以參數化形式儲存也有檔案大小下降的效果，有利於傳輸、儲存，以及後續其他相關應用。

有了前述的中式冷兵器程序化建模系統之後，我們更進一步思考將其應用於遊戲當中之可能性。我們提出了以玩家遊玩數據來操控建模參數之創新概念，當玩家在遊戲中做出任何決策、或者數值發生改變，經過事先設計好的Mapping Function，便可以將這些變化映射至程序化建模的參數化空間，即時地讓角色手上所持之武器產生外型上的變化。在邀請玩家實際體驗添加了動態建模功能的遊戲之後，我們以問卷形式調查玩家感受，在趣味性、專屬感、以及Discernability等等遊戲體驗上皆有所提升。

In modern 3D games, there is a kind of 3D models that play a very important role, that is, weapon models. In this paper, we pick 16 typical Chinese cold weapons as target objects, and propose a Chinese cold weapon procedural modeling system. Our method is divided into two parts: the first part is the production rules of Parametric L-system; the second part is the extension of the first part, we design a mapping function between gameplay events and modeling parameters, to achieve dynamic modeling capabilities.

First, through observation, we design the L-system production rules for different types of weapons. Then, we design a set of modeling parameters to make sure the generation process is controllable. Compared with the current modeling methods, our system has a higher degree of diversity, whether it is a real weapon in reality or innovative fantasy weapons. In addition, saving the models in parametric form also has the effect of file size reduction, which is good for transmission, storage, and other applications.

Furthermore, we think about the possibility of applying it to real application. We propose an innovative concept of manipulating modeling parameters with gameplay statistics. Whenever the player makes any decision in the game or any game state varies, a Mapping Function will map those changes into the modification of modeling parameters, result in the deformation of the weapon model. We test this concept through a User Study in the form of questionnaires. The result is positive in three dimensions of game experience: Interest, Uniqueness, and Discernability.

[1] A. Owens, M. Cieslak, J. Hart, R. Classen-Bockhoff, and P. Prusinkiewicz, “Mod-
eling dense inflorescences,” ACM Trans. Graph., vol. 35, pp. 136:1–136:14, July
2016.
[2] M. Pirovano, R. Mainetti, and D. Loiacono, “Volcano: An interactive sword gener-
ator,” in 2015 IEEE Games Entertainment Media Conference (GEM), pp. 1–8, Oct.
2015.
[3] R. Měch and P. Prusinkiewicz, “Visual models of plants interacting with their en-
vironment,” in Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference on Computer Graphics
and Interactive Techniques, SIGGRAPH ’96, (New York, NY, USA), pp. 397–410,
ACM, 1996.
[4] P. Müller, P. Wonka, S. Haegler, A. Ulmer, and L. Van Gool, “Procedural modeling
of buildings,” ACM Trans. Graph., vol. 25, pp. 614–623, July 2006.
[5] P. Merrell, E. Schkufza, Z. Li, M. Agrawala, and V. Koltun, “Interactive furniture
layout using interior design guidelines,” ACM Trans. Graph., vol. 30, pp. 87:1–
87:10, July 2011.
[6] A. Peytavie, E. Galin, J. Grosjean, and S. Merillou, “Arches: a framework for mod-
eling complex terrains,” Computer Graphics Forum, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 457–467,
2009.
[7] J.-D. Génevaux, E. Galin, E. Guérin, A. Peytavie, and B. Benes, “Terrain genera-
tion using procedural models based on hydrology,” ACM Trans. Graph., vol. 32,
pp. 143:1–143:13, July 2013.
[8] G. Chen, G. Esch, P. Wonka, P. Müller, and E. Zhang, “Interactive procedural street
modeling,” ACM Trans. Graph., vol. 27, pp. 103:1–103:10, Aug. 2008.
[9] T.W.SederbergandS.R.Parry,“Free-formdeformationofsolidgeometricmodels,”
SIGGRAPH Comput. Graph., vol. 20, pp. 151–160, Aug. 1986.
[10] S. Coquillart, “Extended free-form deformation: A sculpturing tool for 3d geometric
modeling,” SIGGRAPH Comput. Graph., vol. 24, pp. 187–196, Sept. 1990.
68
[11] A. Lindenmayer, “Mathematical models for cellular interactions in development
i. filaments with one-sided inputs,” Journal of theoretical biology, vol. 18, no. 3,
pp. 280–299, 1968.
[12] P. Przemyslaw and L. Aristid, The Algorithmic Beauty of Plants. Springer-Verlag
New York, 1 ed., 1990.
[13] J. N. Ridley, “Ideal phyllotaxis on general surfaces of revolution,” Mathematical
Biosciences, vol. 79, pp. 1–24, Mar. 1986.
[14] Y. Rodkaew, P. Chongstitvatana, S. Siripant, and C. Lursinsap, “Particle systems for
plant modeling,” Plant growth modeling and applications, Jan. 2003.
[15] T. W. Knight, Transformations in Design: A Formal Approach to Stylistic Change
andInnovationintheVisualArts. NewYork,NY,USA:CambridgeUniversityPress,
1995.
[16] S. Lienhard, C. Lau, P. Müller, P. Wonka, and M. Pauly, “Design transformations for
rule-based procedural modeling,” Comput. Graph. Forum, vol. 36, pp. 39–48, May
2017.
[17] J. Togelius, G. N. Yannakakis, K. O. Stanley, and C. Browne, “Search-based proce-
dural content generation: A taxonomy and survey,” IEEE Transactions on Compu-
tational Intelligence and AI in Games, vol. 3, pp. 172–186, Sept. 2011.
[18] Chenyao Lu, Li Deng, and Minrui Fei, “An improved visualization modelling
method of greenhouse tomato plants based on L-system,” in 2015 Chinese Automa-
tion Congress (CAC), pp. 480–485, Nov. 2015.
[19] J. Hu and W. Wang, “Research and construction of virtual poplar growth model,” in
2018 International Conference on Information Systems and Computer Aided Edu-
cation (ICISCAE), pp. 509–513, July 2018.
[20] M. Fridenfalk, “Application for real-time generation of virtual 3d worlds based on
L-System,” in2015InternationalConferenceonCyberworlds(CW),pp.73–78, Oct.
2015.
[21] G. Dias Fernandes and A. R. Fernandes, “Space colonisation for procedural road
generation,” in 2018 International Conference on Graphics and Interaction (ICGI),
pp. 1–8, Nov. 2018.
69
[22] R. Sharma, “Procedural city generator,” in 2016 International Conference System
Modeling Advancement in Research Trends (SMART), pp. 213–217, Nov. 2016.
[23] S. Kang and K. Kim, “Three dimensional cloud modeling approach based on L-
system,” in 2015 3rd International Conference on Computer, Information and Ap-
plication, pp. 7–9, May 2015.
[24] 詹智翔, “以 L-system 為基礎之互動式三維牌樓模型建構,” 國立東華大學資訊
工程學系碩士論文 , 2006.
[25] M. Fridenfalk, “Algorithmic music composition for computer games based on L-
system,” in 2015 IEEE Games Entertainment Media Conference (GEM), pp. 1–6,
Oct. 2015.
[26] T. Adachi, S. Obara, and O. Kawae, “Study on the light receiving capacity of a plant
shoot light receiving system with simulated trees,” in 2015 International Confer-
enceonRenewableEnergyResearchandApplications(ICRERA),pp.489–494,Nov.
2015.
[27] L. M. L. de Campos, R. C. L. de Oliveira, and M. Roisenberg, “Evolving artificial
neural networks through L-system and evolutionary computation,” in 2015 Interna-
tional Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN), pp. 1–9, July 2015.
[28] P. F. da Silva, E. Eder Carvalho Santana, A. J. René Serres, E. Candeia Gurjão,
R. C. Silvério Freire, C. Caroline Rodrigues de Albuquerque, P. H. da Fonseca Silva,
J. Gilberto Sobreira Gomes, and J. N. de Carvalho, “Wearable textile fractal tree
antenna for C-band and X-Band applications,” in 2019 13th European Conference
on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), pp. 1–5, Mar. 2019.
[29] K. Salen and E. Zimmerman, Rules of Play: Game Design Fundamentals. MIT
Press, Oct. 2003.
[30] R. Likert, “A technique for the measurement of attitudes,” Archives of Psychology,
1932.
[31] 趙志超, 中國人應知的古代?事常識 . 華品文創出版股份有限公司, 1 ed., Sept.
2012.
[32] 楊毅 and 楊泓, 兵器史話 . 國家出版社, 1 ed., Dec. 2003.
70
[33] 蔡景康, 五雜俎研究 . No. 2, 廈門大學學報哲社版, 1996.
[34] 楊林書 and 黃桂貞, 決??場 ── 古代兵器 . 萬卷樓圖書有限公司, 1 ed., Apr.
2000.
[35] 蔣豐維, 中國兵器全事典 . 漫遊者文化事業股份有限公司, 1 ed., Jan. 2019