壓電元件的電極對於電性及抗疲勞特性有一定程度的影響。電極與基材界面間結合的緊密性以及電極表面晶粒的成長會影響到元件Pr值與Ec值的大小，電極與基材界面間的結合強度將改變元件抗疲勞特性的好壞。
利用改良Glycine(甘胺酸)-Nitrate(硝酸物)Process燃燒法的製程製備奈米級錳酸鍶鑭((La0.7Sr0.3)MnO3) (簡稱GNP-LSMO)電極粉末，並且與傳統氧化物法(Oxide-mixing methode)製備出來的電極粉末 (簡稱傳統-LSMO)，進行電性與抗疲勞測試比較。依不同比例將LSMO電極粉末加入銀，以三滾筒混料機，製成電極膠體。利用網版印刷將電極網印於鋅鈮鋯鈦酸鉛(0.3(Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3) + 0.7(Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3)) (簡稱PZNZT)壓電陶瓷塊材上，再分別以不同的電極熱處理溫度，將試片上的電極燒結成壓電元件上所需的電極厚膜。針對不同成分及電極熱處理溫度來量測電極試片的電阻率、疲勞特性，並且利用SEM來進行微觀分析。
研究過程中發現在GNP-LSMO電阻率的變化上跟熱處理溫度以及LSMO粉末的含量有一定的關係。當LSMO粉末添加含量提高時，電阻率也相對提高，而且添加入的LSMO粉末會抑制電極中銀晶粒的成長，並且與揮發的鉛一起析出在銀的晶界上。當LSMO粉末降低至5wt%以下時，銀晶粒開始能夠成長良好並且趨於緻密，因此晶界表面積相對減少。當電極熱處理溫度到900oC時，晶粒成長與電極表面緻密化更為明顯，所以在電阻率的表現上以GNP-LSMO(1wt%)，熱處理溫度900oC的電極試片為最低。
在鐵電陶瓷PZNZT之Pr值與Ec值的表現上，Pr值以GNP-LSMO的較高，Ec的部份也以GNP-LSMO較低，因GNP-LSMO電極具有較為優秀的電阻率，因此有效電極面積較多，相對的有效電場也較多，且電極膠體中的孔洞也較少，所以當施加電場於試片時，電域切換(Domain switching)的數量也較多，因此Pr的提升與Ec的降低則是必然的，因此以GNP法製備的LSMO也優於傳統氧化物法。
疲勞量測部分可以看到，GNP-LSMO(8wt%)電極試片經疲勞測試後呈現大幅的衰減，但是當GNP-LSMO粉末的添加量降低至5wt%以下時，抗疲勞特性大幅增加，又以電極熱處理溫度為900oC的最為優秀，以GNP-LSMO(1wt%)，熱處理溫度900oC的電極疲勞試片經 106 cycles 疲勞測試後Pr值仍有31.95 μC/cm2 而Ec值則為13.36 kV/cm。當GNP-LSMO添加量降低時，使電極表面晶粒成長與緻密化的熱處理溫度得以下降，而且LSMO亦可以藉由擴散作用與基材獲得更好的結合性，因此抗疲勞特性得以提升。但是GNP-LSMO(8wt%)電極試片的抗疲勞特性最差(經 106 cycles 疲勞測試後Pr值為20.46 μC/cm2，而Ec值則為15.87 kV/cm )，甚至低過傳統-LSMO(8wt%)的電極試片(經 106 cycles 疲勞測試後Pr值為25.92 μC/cm2 而Ec值則為14.53 kV/cm )。推斷造成此現象的原因，不外是兩者粉體製程不同所造成的，因為GNP法製備出來的LSMO粉末雖有奈米級球狀粉體結構，但GNP-LSMO粉末顆粒較細，因而造成同重量下體積極表面積較大，所以當製作成電極膠體時GNP-LSMO粉末量需要較多才能達到同樣克重，因此造成電極燒結不易，且GNP-LSMO粉末中依然殘留著些許的團聚組織，而這些團聚組織則造成電極結構形成較為不均勻的結構，而GNP-LSMO(8wt%)又因含量較多，因此熱處理溫度不足以使GNP-LSMO粉末燒結緻密，所以一經疲勞測試後則產生界面剝離的情況。因此本研究亦可以延續改善設備進而將粉體結構製作更為均一。
綜合上述，利用改良後的GNP-LSMO電極粉末比傳統氧化物法製備出來的 LSMO/銀 電極，在電阻率表現上較佳，在抗疲勞特性方面則是以GNP-LSMO(1wt%)，熱處理溫度900oC的電極試片最佳，此條件下的電極試片有良好的電阻率，而電極與基材界面間的結合強度也愈高，使以PZNZT為基材之壓電元件有優越的抗疲勞特性。

Electrodes exhibit strong on electric properties and fatigue property in ferroelectric materials.
We use a modified Glycine-Nitrate Process (GNP) to prepare nano electrode powder of (La0.7Sr0.3)MnO3 (LSMO73), and compare electivity and fatigue properties of electrodes with powders prepared using oxide-mixing method (CS-LSMO).
Electrode pastes were prepared using different composition of LSMO and silver powders, and they were screen printed on 0.3(Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3) + 0.7(Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3) (PZNZT) ferroelectrics, and annealed at different temperatures. Resistivity of electrodes were measured using a four point probe method, and electric and fatigue properties of specimens were evaluated.
Microstructural characteristics were investigates using scanning electron microscopy.
Resistivity of electrodes changes as a function of annealing temperatures and LSMO content. Addition of LSMO powders depress, the grain growth of silver, and LSMO and lead distributes near the grain boundaries. When content of the LSMO powder is less than 5wt%, silver grains start to grow and higher densification density can be achieved. When the annealing temperature reached 900oC, the grain growth and densification of electrode were more significant, The GNP-LSMO(1wt%)
-Ag paste annealed at a temperature of 900oC exhibit the lowest resistivity, and the silver grain size of the electrode is much bigger.
The Pr value of the ferroelectric PZNZT is higher using GNP-LSMO
-Ag electrodes, the Ec value is much lower for PZNZT with GNP-LSMO electrodes as well. GNP-LSMO-Ag exhibits higher conductivity, and therefore the electric field applied at GNP-LSMO specimens enhances more domain switching, implying the GNP-LSMO powders show special characteristics compared to the CS-LSMO powder.
The GNP-LSMO(1wt%)-electroded PZNZT specimens after annealed at a temperature of 900oC has Pr = 31.95 μC/cm2 and Ec = 13.36 kV/cm, which shows a relatively good electric and fatigue properties.
GNP-LSMO(8wt%)-electroded ferroelectric PZNZT has the worst fatigue property, and this may be attributed to the large surface area and tap density of the GNP-LSMO powders. Large surface area and small particle size make the pastes contain large amount of LSMO powders around Ag particles. It is therefore difficult to anneal the electrodes to high density, and good interfacial properties, and therefore the specimens exhibit inferior fatigue properties.
In summary, the GNP processed LSMO powders exhibits nano-sized characteristics. Ferroelectrics using electrodes with an appropriate amount of GNP-LSMO exhibit enhanced electric and fatigue properties.

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