高齡化係當今國際間需要共同面對的課題。台灣將在2050年迅速達到超高齡化的社會。為協助高齡者成功老化，我們應積極準備及提供適當的環境或設施來協助人們適應逐漸老化的過程。研究顯示體力活動、社交活動及智能學習活動有助於高齡人口維持健康及各項行動能力，因此值得探討如何深入規劃及設計。
由於當前對促進高齡者健康與福祉的研究大多專注於都市設施及建築設計，因此本研究將目標鎖定集合住宅內部的公共設施。透過文獻回顧確認卅個較普及的集合住宅公共設施來製作問卷、並以立意抽樣法在台灣調查訪問健康專業工作者(n=21)與一般民眾(n=727)。問卷採用李克特五等第量尺(Likert 5-point scale) 來請受訪者表達對前述集合住宅公共設施的重要性。問卷資料採用弗里曼等級檢定 (Friedman Ranking Test) 及克拉斯卡-瓦立斯檢定 (Kruskal-Wallis Test) 來進行分析。
調查分析結果顯示以上兩個族群的受訪者共同認為具有多功能性及戶外的開放空間、散步道、有座椅的花園等係三項最重要的公共設施。一般民眾認為運動訓練對幸福感比較重要，然而健康專業工作者則更強調社會交流及心靈成長的重要性。超過65歲的高齡者與低於65歲較年輕的一般受訪民眾對遛狗、烤肉、視聽遊戲室有不同的重視程度。不同居住地區的受訪者對游泳池及靈修空間的重視程度也有差異。
綜合言之，研究結果顯示成長過程、文化背景、居住地區、宗教信仰及年齡差異會對公共設施有不同的重視程度。本研究所獲得的初步成果可以提供政府部門、建商、建築師作為未來規畫設計集合住宅的參考。

As population aging and Taiwan quickly becoming a super-aged society in 2050, there is an urgency to provide appropriate built environment to assist elderlies during their transitions into old age. Since exercising the body, being socially active, and enriching the mind have been scientifically proven to help older population keep functional capabilities and maintain health, forward-thinking planning and design approaches should be investigated.
Researches promoting health and well-being for elderly, so far, are directed mainly on urban facility and architecture design. Hence, this study will focus on communal amenities within housing estates. The aim is to explore amenities that promote elderly well-being from views of healthcare professionals (n=21) and the general publics (n=727). From literature review, 30 popular communal amenities are identified and tested via questionnaires conducted in Taiwan. Participants were asked to evaluate the importance level of the proposed amenities with 5-point Likert scale. Data are analyzed with Friedman Ranking Test and Kruskal-Wallis Test. Results show both respondent groups placed outdoor open space, trail, and garden with seat as the top three important amenities, where outdoor and multifunction are the spatial and functional qualities. While the general public believe physical amenities are more important, healthcare practitioners put more emphasis on social and spiritual amenities. Within the general public group, respondents aged 65 and older have different views than younger respondents on dog run area, BBQ areas, and video game room. Further, respondents from different regions value swimming pool and religious space differently. It can be concluded that in Taiwan, views may differ with upbringing and cultural backgrounds, residing regions, and age. The initial findings can assist policy makers, real estate developers and designers for decision-making in future housing projects.

LIST OF REFERENCES
Agresti, A., & Finlay, B. (2009). Statistical methods for the social sciences. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Ahrentzen, S. & Tural, E. (2015). The role of building design and interiors in aging actively at home [Abstract]. Building Research & Information, 43(5), 582-601.
American Institute of Architects (April, 2017). AIA’s design and health initiative. Retrieved from http://new.aia.org/pages/3461-aias-design-and-health-initiative
Arifwidodo, S. D., & Perera, R. (2011). Quality of life and compact development policies in Bandung, Indonesia. The International Society for Quality-of-Life Studies, 6, 159-179.
Barrett, P., Sharma, M., & Zeisel, J. (2019). Optimal spaces for those living with dementia: principles and evidence. Building Research & Information, 47(6), 734-746.
Berger, U., Der, G., Mutrie, N., & Hannah, M.K. (2005). The impact of retirement on physical activity. Aging & Society, 25, 181-195.
Bowling, A. (1993). The concepts of successful and positive aging. Family Practice, 10(4), 449-453.
Bowling, A., & Dieppe, P. (2005). What is successful aging and who should define it? British Medical Journal, 331, 1548-1551.
Brasche, S., & Bischof, W. (2005). Daily time spent indoors in German homes- baseline data for the assessment of indoor exposure of German occupants. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 208, 247-253.
Brookfield, K., Fitzsimons, C., Scott, I., Mead, G., Starr, J., Thin, N., Tinker, A., & Thompson, C.W. (2015). The home as enabler of more active lifestyles among older people. Building Research & Information, 43(5), 616-630.
Bullo, V., Bergamin, M., Gobbo, S., Sieverdes, J., Zaccaria, M., Neunhaeuserer, M., & Ermolao, A. (2015). The effects of Pilates exercise training on physical fitness and well-being in the elderly: A systematic review for future exercise prescription. Preventive Medicine, 75, 1-11.
Cao, X. (2016). How does neighborhood design affect life satisfaction? Evidence from twin cities [Abstract]. Travel Behaviour and Society, 5, 68-76.
Carrier, N., West, G., & Ouellet, D. (2009). Dining experience, food services and staffing are associated with quality of life in elderly nursing home residents [Abstract]. The Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging, 13(6), 565-570.
Chan, H., Ho, R.C., Mahendran, R., Ng, K.S., Tam, W.W., Rawtaer, I., Tan, C.H., Larbi, A., Feng, L., Sia, A., Ng, M.K., Gan, G.L., & Kua, E.H. (2017). Effects of horticultural therapy on elderly health: Protocol of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Geriatrics, 17, 192-201.
Chen, Y-J. (2008). Strength perspective: an analysis of aging in place care model in Taiwan based on traditional filial piety. Aging International, 32, 183-204.
Clatworthy, J., Hinds, J., & Camic, P. M. (2014). Gardening as a mental health intervention: A review. Mental Health Review Journal, 18(4), 214-255.
Construction and Planning Agency Ministry of the Interior (CPAMI) (2003). 老人住宅基本設施及設備規劃設計規範 [Planning and Design Specification of Facilities and Equipment for Elderly Housing]. Retrieved from http://cpami.gov.tw
Construction and Planning Agency Ministry of the Interior (CPAMI) (2018). 建築技術規則 [Building Technical Regulation]. Retrieved from http://cpami.gov.tw
Craig, D. (2018-2019, Winter). The science of healthy aging. Columbia Magazine, pp. 36-39.
Deaton, A. & Stone, A. (2013). Grandpa and the snapper: the well-being of the elderly who live with children. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
Denham, B., & Steinberg, M. (2016, May). How apartment amenities have changed over the years (and what this says about the target tenants). National Real Estate Investor. Retrieved from https://www.nreionline.com
Depledge, M., Stone, R., & Bird, W. (2011). Can natural and virtual environment be used to promote improved human health and well-being? Environmental Science & Technology, 45, 4660-4665.
Editorial (2019, April 01). 十大建商寶佳重續霸業 [Top ten investor, Bao Chia continues to be the top]. My Housing. Retrieved from https://www.myhousing.com.tw
Elena, S., Georgeta, N., Cecilia, G., & Elena, L. (2011). The attitude of the elderly persons towards health related physical activities. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 1913-1919.
Ettema, D., & Schekkerman, M. (2015). How do spatial characteristics influence well-being and mental health? Comparing the effect of objective and subjective characteristics at different spatial scales. Travel Behaviour and Society, 5, 56-67.
Far, I., Silveira, P., Casati, F., & Baez, M. (2012, September). Unifying Platform for the Physical, Mental and Social Well-Being of the Elderly. Proceedings of the 7th International conference on embedded and multimedia computing (pp. 385-392). Dordrecht: Springer.
Fitz, B., Lyon, L., & Driskell, R. (2016). Why people like where they live: individual-and community-level contributors to community satisfaction. Social Indicators Research, 126(3), 1209-1224.
Ferrand, C., Martinent, G., & Durmaz, N. (2014). Psychological need satisfaction and well-being in adults aged 80 years and older living in residential homes: Using a self-determination theory perspective. Journal of Aging Studies, 30, 104-111.
Fromer, J.E. (2008). A necessary luxury: tea in Victorian England (p.71). Athens, OH: Ohio University Press
Garatachea, N., Monlinero, O., Martinez-Garcia, R., Jiménez-Jiménez, R., González-Gallego, J., & Márquez, S. (2009). Feelings of well being in elderly people: Relationship to physical activity and physical function. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 48(3), 306-312.
Ghimire, S., Baral, B.K., Karmacharya, I., Callahan, K., & Mishra, S.R. (2018). Life satisfaction among elderly patients in Nepal: associations with nutritional and mental well-being. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 16, 118-127.
Glass, A. (2009). Aging in a community of mutual support: the emergence of an elder intentional cohousing community in the united states [Abstract]. Journal of Housing for the Elderly, 23(4), 283-303.
Glen, S. (2014, December 8). Cronbach’s Alpha: simple definitions, use and interpretation. Statistics How To. Retrieved from https://www.statisticshowto.datasciencecentral.com
Goldstein, J. Cajko, L., Oosterbroek, M., Michielsen, M., Van Houten, O., & Salverda, F. (1997). Video games and the elderly [Abstract]. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 25(4), 345-352.
Guest Editorial (2018). Architecture for health is not just for healthcare architects. Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 11(2), 8-12.
Grimby, G. (1986). [Abstract] Physical activity and muscle training in the elderly [Abstract]. Journal of Internal Medicine, 220(S711), 233-237.
Hakulinen, C., Pulkki- Råback, L., Virtanen, M., Jokela, M., Kivimäki, M., & Elovainio, M. (2018). Social isolation and loneliness as risk factors for myocardial infarction, stroke and mortality: UK biobank cohort study of 479 04 men and women. The British Medical Journal, 104, 1536-1542.
Henderson, T. & Staff Writer (2016, April). Millennials fuel apartment-building boom; will it last?. USA Today & Stateline. Retrieved from http://usat.ly/1SIfRxL
Hendrickx, D., Stephen, A., Lehmann, D., Silva, D., Boelaert, M., Carapetis, J., & Walker, R. (2016). A systematic review of the evidence that swimming pools improve health and well-being in remote aboriginal communities in Australia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 40(1), 30-36.
Hong, P., & Tu, K. (2012). The case study of property management early design intervention: For example of apartment building facilities planning design (Master’s thesis). Retrieved from www.airitilibrary.com/
Hsu, H. (2007). Exploring elderly people’s perspectives on successful aging in Taiwan. Aging & Society, 27(1), 87-102.
Hwang, J. (2015, July 1). Of Pets and Men. Taiwan Today. Retrieved from https://taiwantoday.tw
Jeffres, L., Bracken, C., Jian, G., & Casey, M. (2009). The impact of third places on community quality of life. Applied Research Quality of Life, 4, 333-345.
Jenkins, A., & Mostafa, T. (2015). The effects of learning on well-being for older adults in England [Abstract]. Aging & Society, 35, 2053-2070.
J Turner Research (2016). The next gen apartment. Houston, TX: Retrieved from website: https://www.jturnerresearch.com/
Koeing, H., Kvale, J., & Ferrel, C. (1988). Religion and well-being in later life [Abstract]. The Gerontologist, 28(1), 18-28.
Korpela, K., De Bloom, J., Sianoja, M., Pasanen, T., Kinnunen, U. (2017). Nature at home and at work: naturally good? Links between window views, indoor plants, outdoor activities and employee well-being over one year. Landscape and Urban Planning, 160, 38-47.
Kovacic, I., Summer, M., & Achammer, C. (2015). Strategies of building stock renovation for aging society. Journal of Cleaner Production, 88, 349-357.
Kreutz, G. (2014). Does Singing facilitate social bonding? Music & Medicine, 6(2), 51-60.
Kumari, C. (2015). Elderly perception of loneliness and ways of resolving it through positive aging. Indian Journal of Gerontology, 29(3), 322-330.
Ku, F.-L., Chen, W.-C., Huang, C.-P., & Tsai, C.-C. (2018). Health outcomes of home-based reablement services and Long-Term Care 2.0 in Taiwan. Proceedings of the 6th AHLA international health literacy conference: a health literate Asia and beyond (pp. 1-3). Taichung, Taiwan: Asia University.
Lee, C. & Moudon, A. (2008). Neighbourhood design and physical activity. Building Research & Information, 36(5), 395-411.
Lee, Y. & Hung, W. (2011). The relationship between exercise participation and well-being of the retired elderly. Aging & Mental Health, 15(7), 873-881.
Leshnower, R. (2019, January 20). Apartment Amenities. The Spruce. Retrieved from https://www.thespruce.com/what-are-apartment-amenities-155950
Lin, E. (2012). Starbucks as the third place: glimpses into Taiwan’s consumer culture and lifestyles [Abstract]. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 24(1-2), 119-128.
Lowry, S. (1989). Housing and health. The British Medical Journal, 299, 1261-1262
Lu, J.M. (2006, January 8). 優質公設 住宅加分 [Quality communal amenity adds value to home]. The Liberty Times. Retrieved from https://ec.ltn.com.tw
Maas, J., Verheij, R., Groenewegen, P., de Vries, S., & Spreeuwenberg, P. (2006). Green space, urbanity, and health: How strong is the relation? Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 6, 587-592.
Manocha, R., Gordon, A., Black, D., Malhi, G., & Seidler, R. (2009). Using meditation for less stress and better well-being: a seminar for GPs. Australian Family Physician, 38(6), 454-458.
Mohammad, S.A., Dom, & M.M., & Ahmad, S.S. (2016). Inclusion of social realm within elderly facilities to promote their well-being. Proceedings of AMER International Conference on Quality of Life. Medan, Indonesia. Social and Behavioral Sciences, 234, 114-124.
Moretti, F., De Ronchi, D., Bernabei, V., Marchetti, L., Ferrari, B., Forlani, C., Negretti, F., Sacchetti, C., & Atti, A. (2011). Pet therapy in elderly patients with mental illness. Psychogeriatrics, 11, 125-129.
Morris, E.A. (2011). Access and outcomes: Transportation, location, and subjective-well-being. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/
Morris, N. (2003). Health, well-being and open space literature review. OpenSpace Research Centre. https://lakeheadca.com/events-education/environmental-education
National Apartment Association (NAA) (2016). Adding value in the age of amenities wars. Arlington, VA: NAA.
National Development Council. (2018). Population forecast (2018 to 2065) [press release August 30]. Taipei, Taiwan: NDC (Taiwan). https://www.ndc.gov.tw/en/cp.aspx?n=2E5DCB04C64512CC
National Wellness Institute. (n.d.). The six dimensions of wellness. Retrieved from https://www.nationalwellness.org
NIH MedlinePlus. (2007, Winter). 8 areas of age-related change. Retrieved from https://magazine.medlineplus.gov
Ogawa, T., Uchida, Y., Nishita, Y., Tange, C., Sugiura, S., Ueda, H.,… & Shimokata, H. (2019). Hearing-impaired elderly people have smaller social networks: A population-based aging study. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 83, 75-80.
Ó Luanaigh, C., & Lawlor, B. (2008). Loneliness and the health of older people [Abstract]. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 23(12), 1213-1221.
Osman, S., Tischler, V., & Schneider, J. (2016). ‘Singing for the brain’: a qualitative study exploring the health and well-being benefits of singing for people with dementia and their carers. Dementia, 15(6), 1326-1339.
Ossokina, I., Arentze, T., van Gameren, D., & van dan Heuvel, D. (2018). Best living concepts for elderly homeowners: a stated choice experiment with architectural design, Netspar Academic Series, DP06, 17. https://research.tue.nl
Othman, A., & Fadzil, F. (2014). Influence of outdoor space to the elderly well-being in a typical care centre. Social Behavioral Science, 170, 320-329.
Petermans, A., & Pohlmeyer, A. (2014, October). Designing and planning the built environment for human well-being. Proceedings of the 6th symposium of architectural research 2014. University of Oulu, Finland.
Public Health England (PHE) (2016). Health matters: Getting every adult active every day. Retrieved from http://www.gov.uk/
Redwood, F. (2016, February 27). Properties with social appeal: first-time buyers are lured by communal gyms, roof gardens and swimming pools- and these Croydon flats are going for £265k. The Daily Mail. Retrieved from https://www.dailymail.co.uk
Roddick, M. (2016, May). The 8 dimensions of wellness: Where do you fit in? GoodTherapy. Retrieved from https://www.goodtherapy.org
Rowe, J., & Kahn, R. (1997). Successful aging. The Gerontologist, 37(4), 433-440.
Serrano-Jiménez, A., Lima, M.L., Molina-Huelva, M., & Barrios-Padura, Á. (2019). Promoting urban regeneration and aging in place: APRAM- an interdisciplinary method to support decision-making in building renovation. Sustainable Cities and Society, 47(101505).
Shapira, N., Barak, A., & Gal. I. (2007). Promoting older adults’ well-being through internet training and use [Abstract]. Aging & Mental Health, 11(5), 477-484.
Sixsmith, A. & Gibson, G. (2007). Music and the well-being of people with dementia. Aging & Society, 27(1), 127-145.
Steele, J., Raubold, K., Kemmler, W., Fisher, J., Gentil, P. & Giessing, J. (2017). The effects of 6 months of progressive high effort resistance training methods upon strength, body composition, function, and well-being of elderly adults. BioMed Research International, ID 2541090.
Tavakol, M., & Dennick, R. (2011). Making sense of Cronbach’s alpha. International Journal of Medical Education, 2, 53-55.
Tien, R. (2015). 消費力爆發 美麗經濟商機無限 [Explosion of spending power, unlimited opportunities in beauty economy]. The Central News Agency. Retrieved from http://tve.cna.com.tw
Tribess, S., Virtuoso Jr., J., & De Oliveira, R. (2012). Physical activity as a predictor of absence of frailty in the elderly. Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira, 58(3), 341-347.
United Nations (2017). World population ageing 2017 highlights. New York, NY: Author.
United States Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS). (2018). Physical Activity Guidelines for America, 2nd Edition. Washington, DC: U.S. Retrieved from https://health.gov
Weller, R.P. (2007). Identity and social changes in Taiwanese religion. In M. A. Rubinstein (Ed.), Taiwan: A New History (pp. 339-365). London and New York: Routledge.
Wong, H.J. (2006, January 8). 善用公設 公設空間當做住家延伸 實現在家休閒夢想[Make good use of communal amenity, use communal amenity as an extension of home]. The Liberty Times. Retrieved from https://ec.ltn.com.tw
Wong, J.H (2018). 公設比3級跳 新大樓30%起 [Building communal area for new building triples reaching as high as 30%]. Apple Daily. Retrieved from http://home.appledaily.com.tw
World Health Organization (WHO). (2007). Global age-friendly cities: A guide. Geneva: WHO Press.
World Health Organization (WHO). (2014). Mental health: a state of well-being. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/features/factfiles/mental_health/en/
World Health Organization (WHO). (2018). Aging and health. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/aging