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研究生: 易敏哲
Min-Zhe Yi
論文名稱: 訊息設計實證與應用研究 - 以說明型文件為例
Empirical and Applied Research of Information Design - Evidence from the Expository Document
指導教授: 林廷宜
Ting-Yi Lin
口試委員: 陳建雄
Chien-Hsiung Chen
宋同正
Tung-Jung Sung
林廷宜
Ting-Yi Lin
許子凡
Tzu-Fan Hsu
張妃滿
Fei-Man Chang
學位類別: 博士
Doctor
系所名稱: 設計學院 - 設計系
Department of Design
論文出版年: 2018
畢業學年度: 107
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 136
中文關鍵詞: 類型分析文件設計訊息設計設計原則資訊架構使用性測試
外文關鍵詞: type analysis, document design, information design, design principles, information architecture, usability testing
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  • 我們時常被設計不良的文件所干擾,一個重要原因是文件的製作者往往不是設計師,而是以技術導向為出發點的工程人員,呈現的結果時常是大量專業名詞和繁複說明的出現,即便最後在色彩及圖片上加以修飾,仍因原本的資訊架構不夠清晰,條理不夠分明,很難讓使用者方便使用和理解。幸運的是,一個專門探討文件視覺設計的領域已經形成,並獲得產學界的廣泛關注,這便是文件設計(document design),目的是在訊息創造者和訊息使用者之間建立一種有效的溝通渠道。在文件設計領域中,有不少研究提出了針對特定使用場景的文件設計方法,例如Janssen & Neutelings(2001)在專著中介紹了公衆在閱讀表格、手冊、信件等政府文件時所遭遇的困境,以及是類問題的解決方案。然而,在缺乏對現有文件類型全面瞭解的情形下,基於特定文件形態所得出的設計建議難以推廣至其它文件,導致設計師在參照相關文件設計建議時感到困惑。我們認為各文件雖然使用場景不一,但同類型下的文件應有其共性可尋,從而能在一定的範疇內共享設計指導原則。故本研究之主要目的爲:(1)進行文件分類,探究各類型文件之功能與設計特徵;以及(2)提出基於文件類型的設計要素及方法。爲達成上述研究目的,本研究共經歷前後兩個階段。第一階段為「現行文件類型調查」,採用KJ法進行文件類型分析,分爲紙片製作、編組分類、關係圖解和深層解讀四個步驟完成,用以探討各類型彼此間在功能及與使用者互動方式上的區別及關聯性。第二階段為「說明型文件設計研究」,是以第一階段文件分類為基礎,採用螺旋模式調查使用者對現行文件的視覺觀感及存在的使用性問題,分爲使用性探索、改良方案制定和更新設計、更新成效測試三個迴圈完成,以期透過更新設計提出基於文件類型的設計方法。在第一階段中,本研究斟酌各類型文件的共同特徵加以命名,最終歸納出指示型、檢索型、對話型、反饋型和說明型等5種文件類型,並對各類型文件空間分佈、極端值樣本和隱層關係集群等三部分進行深層解讀。鑑於說明型文件是民眾日常生活中最常接觸的文件類型,本研究在第二階段選取現行說明型文件進行使用性探索,瞭解其存在的使用性問題,隨後進行更新設計。量化分析結果顯示,透過引入圖表符號、改善版面編排以及優化視覺流程,新版文件的使用性能與視覺觀感較原版文件有顯著提升(p<.05)。本研究彙整相關數據及資料,提出五項說明型文件設計要點與十項視覺化方法,並給出說明型文件六項設計建議:(1)訊息主次分明;(2)視覺架構清楚;(3)版面合理舒適;(4)適當圖解說明;(5)輔助符號使用,以及(6)訊息友善表達。希冀研究成果能幫助設計師在實務應用中持續修正設計原型,提供讀者更佳的文件使用經驗與效能表現。


    We are often bothered by unfavorable documents. One important reason is that the document producer is not tend to be the designer but the technology-oriented engineer. It turns out that, despite the embellished colors and pictures, the document is presented with various proper nouns and complicated demonstrations, which is difficult for user to understand due to unclear information framework and ambiguous organization. Luckily, an area where it is professionally for document visual design was formed and it has attracted a wide attention among industrial world. This is called document design whose target is creating a useful communication channel for information producer and end-user. In the area of document design, many have proposed document design methods aimed at targeted using scenario. Janssen & Neutelings(2001)introduces a dilemma that public encounters in reading government documents such as charts, manuals or correspondences and gives solutions for such problems. In the circumstance of lacking full understanding of current document types and the design suggestions based on targeted document form may confuse designers when they are referring to relevant document design suggestions. We suppose, although different documents have various using scenarios, same type document shares similarities in design instruction principles. This paper, therefore, is for: (1) to categorize documents and to discuss the function and design characteristics of different documents. (2) to propose design elements and methods based on documents types. This research has two stages in order to achieve targets. The first stage is current documents type research, which uses KJ method to have document type analysis. It includes four steps: label making; label grouping; chart making and deep verbal, which are used for discussing the differences and connections among different types in functionality and user interactive method. The second stage is expository document, which is based on the first stage, using spiral mode to investigate problems in visual experience and using process. The second stage includes usability exploration, formulation of improvement design, design update and performance test update so as to propose design methods based on document type. In the first stage, the paper has concluded five document types named after common characteristics of different types documents, which are indicative document, retrieving document, dialogical document, feedback document and expository document. This dissertation also gives deeper discussion for files documents spatial distribution, samples of extreme values and hidden relational clusters. Considering that people use expository documents more often in life, the second stage is using expository document to understand usability problems and then update design. Quantitative analysis shows that the usability of new version document and visual perception have obviously improvement compared to original document by introducing diagramming notation, improved layout and visual process optimization (p<.05).This study collected relevant data and proposed five design elements of expository documents, ten visualization methods and six design suggestions: (1)clear hierarchical information; (2) clear visual framework; (3) reasonable layout (4) proper illustration (5) using aided symbols (6) friendly information expression. This study is for designers to continuously modify design prototypes in the process of practical operations and to provide better using documents experience for users.

    目 錄 摘 要 I ABSTRACT III 誌 謝 V 目 錄 VI 圖目錄 IX 表目錄 XI 第一章 緒論 1 1.1 研究背景與動機 1 1.2 研究目的 4 1.3 研究問題 5 1.4 名詞釋義 5 1.5 論文架構 7 1.6 研究範圍與限制 8 第二章 文獻探討 10 2.1 訊息設計之定義與範疇 10 2.2 訊息設計發展歷史與研究現況 12 2.2.1 訊息設計的起源與現代萌芽 12 2.2.2 訊息設計的專業化進程 17 2.2.3 訊息設計研究現況 21 2.3 訊息設計架構下的文件設計 27 2.3.1文件設計的特質 27 2.3.2文件設計在國內外的應用狀況 28 2.4 文件設計之評估分析方法 32 第三章 研究方法 34 3.1 第一階段:以KJ法進行現行文件類型調查 36 3.1.1 KJ法 36 3.1.2 研究步驟 37 3.2 第二階段:以螺旋模式進行說明型文件設計研究 40 3.2.1 螺旋模式 40 3.2.2 研究步驟 41 3.3 研究信度 50 第四章 現行文件類型調查 52 4.1 紙片製作 52 4.2 編組分類 53 4.3 關係圖解 56 4.4 深層解讀 64 4.4.1 空間分佈 64 4.4.2 極端值樣本解讀 66 4.4.3 隱層關係集群解讀 67 4.5 小結 69 第五章 說明型文件設計研究 72 5.1 使用性問題分析 76 5.2 改良方案制定與更新設計 77 5.2.1 樣本分群與版面分析 77 5.2.2 更新設計 86 5.3 更新成效測試 91 5.3.1 任務完成時間分析 91 5.3.2 滿意度分析 93 5.3.3 相關性分析 95 5.4 小結 98 第六章 結論與後續建議 100 6.1 結論 100 6.2 後續建議 102 參考文獻 105 附錄一:2007年-2017年國際訊息設計研究相關性前10名文獻統計表 114 附錄二:2007年-2017年臺灣訊息設計相關學術期刊論文統計表 116 附錄三:文件類型調查之樣本 118 附錄四:電費帳單任務測試及滿意度量表 119 附錄五:「1級」電費帳單樣本與公司名稱 120 圖目錄 圖1-1 基於文件類型的設計要素 3 圖1-2 論文架構圖 8 圖2-1 石窟繪畫圖 14 圖2-2 楔形文字 14 圖2-3 古巴比倫城市規劃圖 14 圖2-4 PLAYFAIR創造的現代圖表 16 圖2-5 ISOTYPE系統 16 圖2-6 SUTNAR的書籍設計 17 圖2-7 電腦系統中的介面設計 19 圖2-8 機場尋路系統 20 圖2-9 報稅人用手機查詢專業術語的解釋 29 圖2-10 患者資訊紙墊 30 圖2-11 臺中慈院藥袋說明 31 圖2-12 溫室氣體排放清冊 31 圖3-1 研究架構圖 35 圖3-2 W型方法論 36 圖3-3 KJ法視覺化圖解 37 圖3-4 第一階段研究步驟 38 圖3-5 第二階段研究步驟 41 圖3-6 受測者需搜尋之訊息 49 圖4-1 研究樣本編組結果 55 圖4-2 文件分群聚類圖 62 圖4-3 各類型文件於座標圖解中的位置及相互關係 63 圖5-1 昭和19年電費單 73 圖5-2 民國37年電費單 73 圖5-3 現行臺電電費帳單 74 圖5-4 NTPC公司電費帳單 75 圖5-5 SPSS對105份帳單樣本的分群結果 79 圖5-6 SOUTHERN ELECTRIC帳單 81 圖5-7 NATIONAL GRID帳單主訊息設計 81 圖5-8 臺電原版帳單(左)及版面訊息空間分析圖(右) 86 圖5-9 新版帳單改良方案視覺化圖解 90 表目錄 表2-1 2007年-2017年國際訊息設計學術研究分析表 23 表2-2 ISO 16982制定之使用性方法與搭配方式 33 表3-1 受測者訪談大綱 43 表3-2 電費帳單檢核表 44 表3-3 檢核表各項檢核內容之權重計算 45 表3-4 專家背景資料 46 表3-5 專家團體討論大綱 47 表3-6 ALPHA值具有的意義 51 表4-1 文件等級說明 57 表4-2 描述統計結果 59 表4-3 單因子變異數分析結果 60 表4-4 凝聚過程表 61 表5-1 深度訪談問題整理 77 表5-2 各級樣本數量及佔總群體百分比 78 表5-3 LATCH理論對十個聯合國成員分類 83 表5-4 電費帳單改良方案 88 表5-5 新版帳單圖形符號識認標準 89 表5-6 更新前後任務完成時間T檢定 92 表5-7 更新前後滿意度T檢定 94 表5-8 原版帳單完成任務時間與滿意度相關性分析 96 表5-9 新版帳單完成任務時間與滿意度相關性分析 97

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