隨著可攜式行動設備的普及，使用者透過小螢幕設備閱讀資訊的活動日益頻繁。然而，此類設備經常受限於過小的螢幕面積，每一次以靜態顯示呈現的資訊量相當有限。因此尋求新的方式，提昇小螢幕行動設備的文本顯示績效，乃是當前重要的研究議題。
本論文之研究目的在於解決小螢幕呈現資訊不足的問題，企圖以時間換取空間的動態顯示方式，提昇使用者於小螢幕設備的閱讀績效。本論文透過三個實驗進行中文動態顯示之相關研究。實驗一與二以模擬介面進行研究，實驗三則將動態文本透過程式撰寫植入實際小螢幕設備進行研究。
實驗一在三種螢幕尺寸的小螢幕設備上，調查三種動態顯示 [捲軸式 (scrolling)、前導式 (leading) 和快速序列視覺呈現 (rapid serial visual presentation, RSVP)] 對受測者閱讀理解力的影響，並在筆記型電腦螢幕上比較動、靜態顯示的差異。結果顯示，RSVP 可為替代靜態資訊閱讀之動態顯示。
實驗二模擬 PDA 顯示螢幕，針對 RSVP 探討相關設計因子對小螢幕中文閱讀的影響，包括兩種中文字型 (細明體和標楷體)、三種配速 (171、260 和 350 cpm)、兩種字級 (12 和 28 pt) 和三種不同的 RSVP 呈現方式 (以字為單位、以片語為單位和以句為單位)。研究結果顯示，配速和呈現方式兩個因子具顯著差異地影響受測者的閱讀理解力，並且具有顯著差異的交互作用。以字和句為單位的 RSVP，配合 260 cpm 之配速，可以取代靜態文本，促進中文資訊的閱讀。
實驗三透過 Sony Ericsson 智慧型手機 P910i 的顯示螢幕，再次探討配速和呈現方式等兩個因子，並根據中文書寫的特性，增加 「文本呈現方向」 因子的探索；此外，亦對 「不同使用階段」 此一因子加以研究，以釐清受測者可能產生的學習曲線效應。另外，本階段亦透過雙重作業之實驗設計探討受測者的心智負荷，並結合受測者事後主觀偏好問卷的量測，調查動態文本的適用性。實驗結果顯示，配速和呈現方式仍具顯著差異地影響受測者的閱讀理解力，並且亦具顯著差異地影響受測者的心智負荷和事後主觀偏好。文本呈現方向和不同使用階段等兩個因子，對受測者之閱讀理解力、心智負荷和事後主觀偏好則無顯著影響。本文對上述三個實驗研究結果、可能成因與實際可行的應用方式予以詳細討論。

Along with the ubiquity of mobile appliances, users increasely utilize small screen devices to read text information. However, a small screen resembles a small window through which only a limited amount of information is visible at one time. Thus, there is a need to develop new approaches for displaying large amounts of information efficiently on small screen displays.
The purpose of this study is to apply a new method which is called dynamic displays for improving reading comprehension on small screen device displays. Three experiments were conducted in this study. Among the three experiments, the first and second experiments were conducted using simulated interfaces. In the third experiment, a real small screen device embedded dynamic text application was used as an experimental interface.
The first experiment examined the effects of three dynamic displays [leading, scrolling, and rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP)] on reading comprehension for different types of small screens for laptops, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and mobile phones. Additionally, the three dynamic displays were also compared to a static display. The results of the first experiment indicated that RSVP was a viable alternative to the static display for improving reading comprehension on a simulated PDA display.
In the second experiment, an investigation was performed to examine the effects of Chinese typography (true type and standard Kai type), speed [350, 260, and 171 characters per minute (cpm)], font size (12 and 28 pt), and presentation method (sentence-oriented, phrase-oriented, and character-oriented method) on reading comprehension for RSVP displays. The results of the second experiment indicated that speed and presentation method were significant factors for reading comprehension. Moreover, the interaction between speed and presentation method also significantly affected reading comprehension. Overall, the sentence-oriented and character-oriented RSVP displays, with speed setting at 260 wpm, could to be a viable alternative for presenting Chinese text on small screens instead of a static display.
The third experiment was conducted on an interface of a smart phone (P910i, Sony Ericsson) to perform a duplicate investigation on speed and presentation method which were the critical factors for RSVP displays in the second experiment. Due to the specific characteristic of Chinese writing system, the factor of text flow orientation was examined in this experiment as well. Additionally, the factor of stage of usage was also examined in order to clarify learning cure effect. Moreover, the third experiment was conducted in a dual-task scenario (namely a search task for static information and a reading task for RSVP-display information) to examine the effects of all RSVP design factors on reading comprehension, mental workload, and subjective preference rating. Consequently, a dual-task experiment was performed to investigate the effects of presentation method (character-by-character, word-by-word, and one-line format), speed (260, 350, and 430 cpm), and text flow orientation (vertical and horizontal orientation) of RSVP-display information on visual performance during different stages of usage (whether current usage is the first, second, third, fourth, or fifth day of usage) for a small screen device display. The results of the third experiment demonstrated that the RSVP-display design factors did not distract participants from static-information search tasks but affected reading comprehension for RSVP displays. The factors of speed and presentation method not only significantly influenced reading comprehension but also mental workload and subjective preference rating. Finally, the possible application of RSVP displays and the implications of these findings on reading Chinese text are discussed.

一、中文部分
方金雅、鍾易達、邱上真 (民 87)。國小學童閱讀摘要能力評定規範之發展。輯於台南師範學院測驗發展中心主編，國小教學評量的反省與前瞻 (頁 123-137)，台南：台南師範學院。

林清山譯（民 79）。教育心理學：認知取向。台北：遠流出版社。

施能宏 (民 88)。淺談兒童的閱讀理解。國教輔導，38 (5)，19-23。

喻柏林 (民 78)。語言單位大小在短時和長時記憶中的效應。心理學報 (中國)，21，1-7。

張玉茹 (民 90)。如何看得更清楚－談閱讀教學。教育研究資訊雙月刊，9 (3)，32-51。

蔡介立 (民 89)。從眼動控制探討中文閱讀的訊息處理歷程：應用眼動誘發呈現技術之系列研究。國立政治大學心理學研究所博士論文，未出版，台北市。

鍾聖校 (民 79)。認知心理學。台北：心理出版社有限公司。

二、英文部分
Bauer, D., & Cavonius, C. R. (1983). Improving the legibility of visual display units through contrast reversal. In E. Grandjean & E. Vigliani (Eds.), Ergonomics Aspects of Visual Display Terminals (pp. 22-31). London: Taylor & Francis.

Bernard, M., Chaparro, B. S., & Russell, M. C. (2001). Examining automatic text presentation for small screens. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 45th Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN, 237-239.

Chan, A. H. S., & Lee, P. S. K. (2005). Effect of display factors on Chinese reading times, comprehension scores and preference. Behaviour and Information Technology, 24 (2), 81-91.

Chang, F., Chu, S. Y., & Chen, C. Y. (2005). Chinese document layout analysis using an adaptive regrouping strategy. Pattern Recognition, 38 (2), 261-271.

Chen, H. C., Chan, K. T., & Tsoi, K. C. (1988). Reading self-paced moving text on a computer display. Human Factors, 30 (3), 285-291.

Dillon, A., Richardson, J., & McKnight, C. (1990). The effects of display size and text splitting on reading lengthy text from screen. Behaviour & Information Technology, 9 (3), 215-227.

Dillon, A. (1992). Reading from paper versus screens: A critical review of the empirical literature. Ergonomics, 35 (10), 1297-1326.

de Bruijn, O., Spence, R., & Chong, M. Y. (2002). RSVP browser: Web browsing on small screen devices. Personal and Ubiquitous Computing, 6 (4), 245-252.

Duchnicky, R. L., & Kolers, P. A. (1983). Readability of text scrolled on visual display terminals as a function of window size. Human Factors, 25 (6), 683-692.

Dyson, M. C., & Kipping, G. J. (1998). The effects of line length and method of movement on patterns of reading from screen. Visible Language, 32 (2), 150-181.

Elerton, J., & Williges, R. C. (1984). Information retrieval strategies in a file search environment. Human Factors, 26 (2), 171-184.

Freeman, R. D. (1980). Visual acuity is better for letters in rows than in columns. Nature, 286 (5768), 62–64.

Froster, K. I. (1970). Visual perception of rapidly presented word sequences of varying complexity. Perception & Psychophysics, 8 (4), 215-221.

Gagné, E. D., Yekovich, C. W., & Yekovich, F. R., (1993). The Cognitive Psychology of School Learning (2nd Ed.). New York, NY: Harper Collins College Publishers.

Goodman, K. S. (1967). Reading: A psycholinguistic guessing game. Journal of Reading Specialist, 6 (1), 126-135.

Grannas, M. M., Mckay, T. D., Laham, R. D., Hurt, L. D., & Juola, J. F. (1984). Reading moving text on a CRT screen. Human Factors, 26 (1), 97-104.

Gough, R. (1985). One second of reading. In H. Singer & R. Ruddell (Eds.), Theoretical Models and Processes of Reading (3rd Ed., pp. 687-688). Newark, DE: International Reading Association.

Gould, J. D., Alfaro, L., Barnes, V., Finn, R., Grischkowsky, N., & Minuto, A. (1987). Reading is slower from CRT display than from paper: Attempts to isolate a single variable explanation. Human Factors, 29 (3), 269-299.

Gould, J. D., & Grischkowsky, N. (1986). Does visual angle of a line of characters affect reading speed?. Human Factors, 28 (2), 165-173.

Gould, J. D., & Grischkowsky, N. (1984). Doing the same work with hard copy and cathode-ray tube (CRT) computer terminals. Human Factors, 26 (3), 323-337.

Gu, D. W. (1994). A study on the standardization of Chinese characters. Chinese World, 36, 33-36.

Hart, S. G., & Staveland, L. E. (1988). Development of NASA-TLX (Task Load Index): Results of empirical and theoretical research. In P. A. Handcock, & N. Meshkati (Eds.), Human Mental Workload (pp. 5-39). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Hsu, S. H., & Huang, K. C. (2000). Interword spacing in Chinese text layout. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 91, 355-365.

Huey, E. B. (1968). The Psychology and Pedagogy of Reading. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Juola, J. F., Tiritoglu, A., & Pleunis, J. (1995). Reading text presented on a small display. Applied Ergonomics, 26 (3), 227-229.

Just, M. A., & Carpenter, P. A. (1987). Speeding reading. In M. A. Just & P. A. Carpenter (Eds.), The Psychology of Reading and Language Comprehension (pp. 425-452). Newton, MA: Allyn and Bacon, Inc.

Just, M. A., & Carpenter, P. A. (1980). A theory of reading: From eye fixation to comprehension. Psychological Review, 87 (4), 329-354.

Kang, T. J., & Muter, P. (1989). Reading dynamically displayed text. Behaviour and Information Technology, 8 (1), 33-42.

Kolers, P. A., Duchnicky, R. L., & Ferguson, D. C. (1981). Eye movement measurement of readability of CRT display. Human Factors, 23 (5), 517-527.

Kruk, R. S., & Muter, P. (1984). Reading of continuous text on video screens. Human Factors, 26 (3), 339-345.

Lang, V. A., Utesch, B. S., & Fly, P. M. (1993). Effects of display format and colour coding schemes on visual monitoring performance using spatially and temporally distributed visual displays. Displays, 14 (4), 195-206.

Legge, G. E., Pelli, D. G., & Schleske, M. M. (1985). Psychophysics of reading: I. normal vision. Vision Research, 25 (2), 239-252.

Lin, Y. C., & Shieh, K. K., (2006). Reading a dynamic presentation of Chinese text on a single-line display. Displays, 27 (4-5), 145-152.

Mills, C. B., & Weldon, L. J. (1987). Reading text from computer screens. ACM Computing Surveys, 19 (4), 329-358.

Muter, P. (1996). Interface design and optimization of reading of continuous text. In H. van Oostendorp and S. de Mul (Eds.), Cognitive Aspects of Electronic Text Processing (pp. 161-180). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

Muter, P., & Maurutto, P. (1991). Reading and Skimming from computer screens and books: The paperless office revisited?. Behaviour & Information Technology, 10 (4), 257-266.

Muter, P., Latremouille, S. A., & Treurniet, W. C. (1982). Extended reading of continuous text on television screen. Human Factors, 24 (5), 501-508.

Norton, D., & Stark, L. (1971). Eye movements and visual perception. Scientific American, 224 (6), 34-43.

Potter, M. C., Kroll, J. F., & Harris, C. (1980). Comprehension and memory in rapid sequential reading. In R. Nickerson (Ed.), Attention and Performance VIII (pp. 395-418). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Radl, G. W. (1983). Experimental investigations for optimal presentation mode and colours of symbols on the CRT screen. In E. Grandjean & E. Vigliani (Eds.), Ergonomics Aspects of Visual Display Terminals (pp. 127-136). London: Taylor & Francis.

Rahman, T., & Muter, P. (1999). Designing an interface to optimize reading with small display windows. Human Factors, 41 (1), 106-117.

Rayner, K., & Pollatsek, A. (1989). The psychology of reading. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Reid, G. B., & Nygren, T. E. (1988). Subjective workload assessment technique: A scaling procedure for measuring mental workload. In P. A. Handcock & N. Meshkati (Eds.), Human Mental Workload (pp. 185-217). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Robeck, M. C., & Wallace, R. R. (1990). The Psychology of Reading: An Interdisciplinary Approach (2nd Ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.

Rumelhart, D. E. (1985). Toward an interactive model of reading. In H. Singer & R. Ruddell (Eds.), Theoretical Models and Processes of Reading (3rd Ed., pp. 722-750). Newark, DE: International Reading Association.

Russell, M. C., & Chaparro, B. S. (2001). Exploring effects of speed and font size with RSVP. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 45th Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, MN, 640-644.

Sekey, A., & Tietz, J. (1982). Text display by “saccadic scrolling”. Visible Language, 16 (1), 62-76.

Shieh, K. K., Chen, M. T., & Chuang, J. H. (1997). Effects of color combination and typography on identification of characters briefly presented on VDTs. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 9 (2), 169–181.

Smith, A., & Savory, M. (1989). Effects and after-effects of working at a VDU: Investigation of the influence of personal variables. In E. D. Megaw (Eds.), Contemporary Ergonomics 1989 (pp. 252-257). London: Taylor & Francis.

Shneiderman, B. (1998). Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction (3rd Ed.). Reading, Massachusetts: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.

Stallings, W. (1976). Approaches to Chinese character recognition, Pattern Recognition, 8 (2), 87-98.

Sun, F., Morita, M., & Stark, L. W. (1985). Comparative patterns of reading eye movement in Chinese and English. Perception and Psychophysics, 37 (6), 502-506.

Sweller, J., van Merriënboer, J. J. G., & Paas, F. W. C. (1998). Cognitive architecture and instructional design, Educational Psychology Review, 10 (3): 251-296.

Tsang, P., & Wilson, G. F. (1997). Mental Workload. In G. Salvendy (Eds.), Hand book of Human Factors and Ergonomics (pp. 417-419). New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons.

Wang, A. H., & Chen, C. H. (2003). Effects of screen type, Chinese typography, text/background color combination, speed, and jump length for VDT leading display on users’ reading performance. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 31 (4), 249-261.

Wang, A. H., & Kan, Y. F. (2004). Effects of display type, speed, and text/background colour-combination of dynamic display on user’ comprehension for dual task in reading static and dynamic display information. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 23 (1-2), 133-138.

Ward, N. J., & Juola, J. F. (1982). Reading with and without eye movements: Reply to Just, Carpenter, and Woolley. Journal of experimental psychology: General, 111 (2), 239-241.

Wierwille, W. W., & Eggemeier, F. T. (1993). Recommendations for Mental Workload Measurement in a Test and Evaluation Environment. Human Factors, 35 (2), 263-281.

Wireless Intelligence (2006). Worldwide cellular connections pass 2.5 billion. Wireless Intelligence survey, 7 September 2006.

Woodworth, R. S. (1938). Experimental Psychology. New York: Holt.

Wu, J. T., & Liu, I. M. (1987). Exploring the phonetic and semantic features of Chinese words. Taiwan National Science Council, Technical Report NSC75 0310 H002-024.